High-Availability Load Balancing with HAProxy and NGINX

Quick Start

Deploy Stack

docker compose up -d
curl http://localhost:8404/\;csv

Prerequisites

• Docker and Docker Compose installed
• Basic understanding of reverse proxies and load balancing concepts
• Backend applications with health check endpoints (returning HTTP 200 for healthy)

Setup

1. Design the Architecture

Plan a multi-tier load balancing architecture:

Client → HAProxy (L7 LB) → NGINX (Reverse Proxy) → Backend App

Reasoning: Separating HAProxy and NGINX provides flexibility – HAProxy handles load balancing decisions while NGINX can handle SSL termination, caching, and request manipulation per-backend.

2. Configure Backend Health Endpoints

Ensure each backend exposes a /health endpoint that:

• Returns HTTP 200 when healthy
• Returns HTTP 503 when unhealthy or degraded
• Responds quickly (< 1 second)

Example FastAPI health endpoint:

@app.get("/health")
async def health():
    # Add actual health checks here (DB, cache, dependencies)
    return {"status": "healthy", "instance": INSTANCE_ID}

3. Configure NGINX Reverse Proxies

Create one NGINX config per backend with appropriate timeouts:

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    upstream backend {
        server backend_container:8000;
    }

    server {
        listen 80;
        
        location / {
            proxy_pass http://backend;
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
            proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
            proxy_read_timeout 10s;
        }

        location /health {
            proxy_pass http://backend/health;
            proxy_connect_timeout 2s;
            proxy_read_timeout 3s;
        }
    }
}

Key settings:

• proxy_connect_timeout: How long to wait for backend connection
• proxy_read_timeout: How long to wait for backend response
• Health endpoint has shorter timeouts for faster failure detection

4. Configure HAProxy Load Balancer

Create HAProxy configuration with health checks and sticky sessions:

global
    log stdout format raw local0
    maxconn 4096

defaults
    log     global
    mode    http
    option  httplog
    option  dontlognull
    timeout connect 5s
    timeout client  30s
    timeout server  30s
    retries 3
    option redispatch

# Stats dashboard
frontend stats
    bind *:8404
    mode http
    stats enable
    stats uri /
    stats refresh 5s
    stats show-legends
    stats show-node

# Main frontend
frontend http_front
    bind *:80
    default_backend nginx_backends

# Backend pool with health checks and sticky sessions
backend nginx_backends
    balance roundrobin
    option httpchk GET /health
    http-check expect status 200
    
    # Sticky sessions using cookie
    cookie SERVERID insert indirect nocache
    
    # Health check tuning: interval, failures to mark down, successes to mark up
    default-server inter 3s fall 2 rise 3
    
    server nginx1 nginx1:80 check cookie nginx1
    server nginx2 nginx2:80 check cookie nginx2
    server nginx3 nginx3:80 check cookie nginx3

Critical parameters:

• inter 3s: Health check interval (every 3 seconds)
• fall 2: Mark server DOWN after 2 consecutive failures
• rise 3: Mark server UP after 3 consecutive successes
• option redispatch: Retry failed requests on another server
• cookie SERVERID insert: Enable sticky sessions

5. Create Docker Compose Stack

Orchestrate all components:

services:
  # Backend applications
  backend1:
    build: ./backends
    environment:
      - INSTANCE_ID=backend-1
    networks:
      - ha-network

  backend2:
    build: ./backends
    environment:
      - INSTANCE_ID=backend-2
    networks:
      - ha-network

  # NGINX reverse proxies (one per backend)
  nginx1:
    image: nginx:alpine
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/nginx-backend1.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
    ports:
      - "8001:80"
    depends_on:
      - backend1
    networks:
      - ha-network

  nginx2:
    image: nginx:alpine
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/nginx-backend2.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro
    ports:
      - "8002:80"
    depends_on:
      - backend2
    networks:
      - ha-network

  # HAProxy load balancer
  haproxy:
    image: haproxy:2.9-alpine
    volumes:
      - ./haproxy/haproxy.cfg:/usr/local/etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg:ro
    ports:
      - "80:80"      # Main traffic
      - "8404:8404"  # Stats dashboard
    depends_on:
      - nginx1
      - nginx2
    networks:
      - ha-network

networks:
  ha-network:
    driver: bridge

6. Validate the Setup

Run verification tests to confirm:

1. Backend health: Each NGINX proxy returns healthy status
2. Load distribution: Requests are distributed across healthy backends
3. Sticky sessions: Same cookie routes to same backend
4. Failover: Unhealthy backends receive no traffic
5. Stats dashboard: HAProxy stats accessible at :8404

Test commands:

# Test individual backends
curl http://localhost:8001/health
curl http://localhost:8002/health

# Test load balancer distribution
for i in {1..10}; do curl -s http://localhost/ | jq .instance; done

# Test sticky sessions
curl -c cookies.txt http://localhost/
for i in {1..5}; do curl -b cookies.txt -s http://localhost/ | jq .instance; done

# Check HAProxy stats (CSV format)
curl http://localhost:8404/\;csv

7. Monitor and Tune

Access HAProxy stats dashboard at http://localhost:8404 to monitor:

• Backend status (UP/DOWN)
• Request distribution
• Response times
• Failed health checks
• Session counts

Tuning recommendations:

• Adjust inter based on acceptable detection latency
• Increase fall for flaky backends to avoid flapping
• Use slowstart for gradual traffic ramp-up after recovery

Health Check Tuning Guide

Sticky Session Options

Troubleshooting

References

• HAProxy Configuration Manual
• HAProxy Health Checks
• NGINX Reverse Proxy Guide
• Docker Compose Networking