The Designer — Interfaces With Soul

This skill creates interfaces that feel crafted by human hands, not assembled from a kit. Every project gets its own personality. Every screen tells part of a story. The goal is memorable distinction, not safe consistency.

Philosophy: Design is authorship. A great interface has a point of view — it makes decisions that lesser designers wouldn’t dare. Safe choices produce forgettable work. Take a stand. Let the design have opinions.

Core Belief: Users don’t remember “clean” — they remember feeling something. Delight, intrigue, comfort, surprise. An interface should evoke emotion, not just display information.

FIRST: Identify the Context

Before applying ANY rules, determine what you’re building. The approach differs dramatically:

Marketing Sites / Landing Pages

• Goal: Impress, convert, tell a story
• Density: Low (60%+ whitespace)
• Typography: Dramatic display sizes, emotional
• Visual interest: Procedural/generative backgrounds, texture, interactive elements
• Cards: AVOID — use editorial layouts, numbered lists
• Hero sections: Yes — big statements, atmosphere
• Animation: Expressive, scroll-driven reveals

Dashboards / Admin Panels / Apps

• Goal: Inform, enable action, show data
• Density: High — information-rich, compact
• Typography: Functional, readable, restrained sizes
• Visual interest: Minimal — focus on data visualization, not decoration
• Cards: YES — cards are appropriate for dashboard widgets
• Hero sections: NO — get to the data immediately
• Animation: Minimal, functional transitions only
• Whitespace: 30-40%, not 60%+

Key Differences

If building a dashboard: Skip the Five Commitments, skip decorative visuals, use functional card layouts, prioritize data density and usability over emotional impact.

The Five Commitments (Marketing Sites Only)

Skip this for dashboards/apps — go straight to building functional UI.

For marketing sites, before writing any code, make five binding decisions:

1. The Story

What narrative does this interface tell? Not features — feeling.

• “A calm library where thoughts settle into place”
• “A machine humming with quiet intelligence”
• “A letter from a friend who knows exactly what you need”

Write one sentence. Every design decision serves this story.

2. The Tension

Great design holds opposing forces in balance. Pick your spectrum:

• Playful ↔ Serious
• Dense ↔ Spacious
• Warm ↔ Cool
• Organic ↔ Geometric
• Loud ↔ Quiet

Where does this project sit? (e.g., “70% serious, 30% playful”)

3. The Signature

The ONE element that makes this unmistakably this:

• A specific animation that appears nowhere else
• A color that burns into memory
• A typographic treatment that becomes the brand

If someone sees a screenshot with no logo, they should still know it’s yours.

4. The Material

What is this interface made of? Physical metaphor drives texture:

• Paper and ink (soft, tactile, warm)
• Glass and light (transparency, refraction, glow)
• Stone and shadow (weight, depth, permanence)
• Metal and precision (sharp edges, industrial)

5. The Gesture

How does interaction feel in the hand?

• Snappy and immediate (arcade button)
• Smooth and continuous (silk ribbon)
• Weighted and deliberate (heavy door)
• Springy and alive (rubber ball)

Layer 1: Typography — Voice, Not Just Text

Typography is the single most impactful decision. Type is voice — choose fonts that would sound right reading your content aloud.

The Type Stack

Every project needs exactly THREE roles:

Typography Rules

Text Measure (Line Length)

Body text MUST maintain readable line length:

• Optimal: 45–75 characters per line (65 is ideal)
• Minimum width: max-w-prose (65ch) or max-w-2xl (42rem/672px)
• NEVER constrain body text narrower than 20rem (320px)

If text wraps at 2–3 words per line, the container is too narrow. Always verify text measure visually.

BANNED Fonts

Inter, Roboto, Arial, system-ui, Poppins, Open Sans, Montserrat — these signal “I didn’t choose.”

Font Loading — Required Setup

Always load fonts in index.html head, NOT via CSS @import:

<!-- index.html -->
<head>
  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" />
  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin />
  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=YOUR_FONTS&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>

Then reference in CSS:

@theme {
  --font-voice: "Cormorant Garamond", "Times New Roman", serif;
  --font-work: "Outfit", system-ui, sans-serif;
  --font-mono: "JetBrains Mono", monospace;
}

Layer 2: Color — Emotion, Not Decoration

Two colors. Maximum three. Restraint creates sophistication.

The Palette Formula

1. One dominant — 60% of the interface (your ground)
2. One accent — 10% or less, maximum impact (your spark)
3. Derive everything else — surfaces, text, borders from lightness/opacity variations

Color Rules

• Never pure #000 or #FFF — use near-blacks and near-whites with subtle hue
• Accent is sacred — use only on THE most important action per screen
• Dark mode is a different mood, not inverted math
• Interactions increase contrast — hover/focus states are MORE visible

BANNED

• Gradients (all types — linear, radial, any)
• Purple-on-white (the AI aesthetic)
• Rainbow palettes without clear hierarchy
• Color as the only status indicator

Layer 3: Space — Rhythm, Not Just Margins

60% of any viewport should be nothing. Empty space is the silence that makes the music.

Spacing Scale

Use a consistent scale. Never arbitrary values.

Key Rule

Section spacing = 3–5× element spacing. If cards have 1rem gaps, sections need 4–6rem padding.

Layout Principles

• Asymmetric grids outperform symmetric ones
• One grid-breaking element per section creates tension
• Let browser size things — flex/grid over JS measurements
• Optical alignment — adjust ±1px when perception beats geometry

Layer 4: Motion — Narrative, Not Decoration

Every animation must have a named job. If it doesn’t fit a category, it shouldn’t exist.

Motion Taxonomy

Motion Rules

• CSS first — use JS libraries only when CSS can’t achieve it
• Compositor-friendly — only animate transform and opacity
• Never transition: all — list specific properties
• Honor prefers-reduced-motion — always
• One signature moment — not animation on everything

Easing

• Snappy UI: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1)
• Smooth decel: cubic-bezier(0.25, 1, 0.5, 1)
• Cinematic: cubic-bezier(0.76, 0, 0.24, 1)

Layer 5: Components — Characters, Not Widgets

Components have personality. They’re not just reusable — they have opinions.

Component Philosophy

• Composition over configuration — compound components over boolean props
• Variants as a system — not ad-hoc className strings
• States are story beats — empty, loading, error, success all designed
• Cards are not the default — most content doesn’t need a box

Buttons & Text on Backgrounds — CRITICAL

Text on colored backgrounds often fails to render when using only Tailwind utility classes. Always create dedicated CSS classes with explicit colors and !important.

Required: Create These Button Classes in index.css

/* REQUIRED — Add to every project's index.css */
.btn-primary {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-work);
  font-size: 1rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.025em;
  padding: 1rem 2rem;
  background-color: var(--color-primary);
  color: var(--color-background) !important;
  transition: background-color 150ms ease;
}
.btn-primary:hover { background-color: var(--color-primary-hover); }

.btn-secondary {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-work);
  font-size: 1rem;
  letter-spacing: 0.025em;
  padding: 1rem 2rem;
  background-color: var(--color-background);
  color: var(--color-primary) !important;
  transition: background-color 150ms ease;
}

.btn-sm { font-size: 0.875rem; padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem; }

Why This Matters

• a { color: inherit } in CSS resets overrides utility classes
• Z-index stacking with overlays can hide text
• Tailwind utilities like text-paper don’t use !important

Rules

1. NEVER use bg-ink text-paper utilities alone for buttons
2. ALWAYS use .btn-primary, .btn-secondary classes
3. ALWAYS include !important on color declarations
4. For any text on a colored background, use explicit CSS classes, not utilities

When to Use Cards

In Dashboards/Apps — Cards are APPROPRIATE for:

• Stat widgets showing metrics
• Data summaries and KPIs
• Settings panels and sections
• List items that need visual grouping
• Any discrete, actionable content block

In Marketing Sites — Cards are appropriate for:

• Selectable/clickable items
• Content that will be manipulated (dragged, dismissed)
• Truly discrete items in a collection

When NOT to Use Cards (Marketing Sites Only)

• Feature lists (use numbered lists or editorial text instead)
• Static marketing information
• “Wrapping things to look organized”

Note: The “feature card grid” ban applies to MARKETING SITES showing features as uniform icon+title+description cards. Dashboard stat cards and widget cards are completely different and encouraged.

Layer 6: Texture — Touch, Not Flatness

Interfaces should feel made of something. Achieve texture through shadows, borders, and noise — not gradients.

Material Treatments

Grain

Subtle noise (2–4% opacity) adds analog warmth. Apply as a fixed overlay.

CRITICAL: When using CSS ::before pseudo-elements for texture overlays, use z-index: -1 (not positive values). Positive z-index will cover content and make text/buttons invisible.

Shadows

Layered shadows (2–3 layers) feel more realistic than single-layer stock shadows.

Layer 7: States — Every Moment Designed

Every state is a moment in the user’s journey. Design them all.

State Rules

• No dead ends — every screen offers a next step
• Loading states have minimum visible time (300–500ms) to avoid flicker
• Error messages tell users how to fix it, not just what went wrong

Layer 8: Accessibility — Care, Not Compliance

Accessibility isn’t a checklist — it’s caring about every user.

Non-Negotiables

• Visible focus rings (:focus-visible)
• 44px minimum touch targets
• Keyboard navigation for all flows
• Labels on all form inputs
• Color is never the only indicator
• prefers-reduced-motion respected

Form Rules

• Don’t pre-disable submit — let users discover what’s wrong
• Don’t block paste or input types
• Error messages next to fields, not just at top
• Mobile inputs ≥16px to prevent iOS zoom

The AI Slop Hall of Shame

These patterns are BANNED on marketing sites. Dashboards have different rules.

1. The Feature Card Grid (Marketing Sites Only)

❌ NEVER ON MARKETING SITES:
┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐ ┌───────────┐
│ (○ icon)  │ │ (○ icon)  │ │ (○ icon)  │
│ Heading   │ │ Heading   │ │ Heading   │
│ Desc text │ │ Desc text │ │ Desc text │
└───────────┘ └───────────┘ └───────────┘

Uniform rounded-corner cards with icon-in-circle, heading, description for FEATURES. Lazy marketing pattern.

Instead on marketing sites: Asymmetric layouts, text-only sections, editorial spreads, numbered lists.

ON DASHBOARDS: Card grids for stats/widgets are FINE and expected. This rule doesn’t apply.

2. Icon-in-Circle

Icons inside colored circles or rounded squares. Visual shorthand for “I didn’t think about this.”

Instead: Icons inline with text, large illustrations, or no icons at all.

3. Gradients

Any use of linear-gradient, radial-gradient, or gradient backgrounds.

Instead: Solid colors, texture, layered surfaces.

4. Template Structure

Hero → Feature Cards → Testimonials → CTA. Every AI site ever.

Instead: Story-driven structure unique to this content.

Complete Ban List

Feature Presentation Without Slop

When you need to present features, use these approaches:

Editorial Spread: One large hero feature, smaller supporting details below.

Numbered List: Simple, scannable, no boxes.

01  Feature name — description flows naturally
02  Another feature — no icons in circles
03  Third feature — typography provides hierarchy

Single Focus: One thing, dramatically. Everything else secondary.

Inline Flow: Weave features into narrative prose.

Comparison Table: When actually comparing things.

Tailwind v4 CSS Template — Use This Structure

Every project MUST use this index.css structure. Copy and adapt colors/fonts for each project.

@import "tailwindcss";

@theme {
  /* COLORS — Choose 2-3 colors appropriate to the project
     Examples:
     - Warm/friendly: cream backgrounds, deep brown primary, terracotta accent
     - Professional/serious: slate backgrounds, near-black primary, blue accent
     - Tech/modern: dark surfaces, white text, electric accent

     Always define primary, background, and ONE accent */
  --color-primary: /* dark text/UI color */;
  --color-primary-hover: /* slightly lighter */;
  --color-primary-muted: /* for secondary text */;
  --color-background: /* main surface */;
  --color-background-alt: /* cards, sections */;
  --color-accent: /* ONE accent for key actions */;

  /* FONTS — Choose fonts that match the project personality
     Load via Google Fonts in index.html, not CSS @import */
  --font-voice: /* display/headlines - serif or distinctive sans */;
  --font-work: /* body/UI - readable sans */;
  --font-mono: /* code/data - monospace */;

  /* TYPOGRAPHY — Safe to define */
  --font-size-display: clamp(3rem, 8vw, 6rem);
  --font-size-display-sm: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
}

/* BASE STYLES */
html {
  font-family: var(--font-work);
  color: var(--color-primary);
  background-color: var(--color-background);
}

/* TYPOGRAPHY UTILITIES */
.font-voice { font-family: var(--font-voice); }
.font-work { font-family: var(--font-work); }
.text-display {
  font-family: var(--font-voice);
  font-size: var(--font-size-display);
  line-height: 1.0;
  letter-spacing: -0.03em;
}

/* REQUIRED BUTTON CLASSES */
.btn-primary {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-work);
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 1rem 2rem;
  background-color: var(--color-primary);
  color: var(--color-background) !important;
  transition: background-color 150ms ease;
}
.btn-primary:hover { background-color: var(--color-primary-hover); }

.btn-secondary {
  display: inline-block;
  font-family: var(--font-work);
  font-size: 1rem;
  padding: 1rem 2rem;
  background-color: var(--color-background);
  color: var(--color-primary) !important;
  transition: background-color 150ms ease;
}
.btn-secondary:hover { background-color: var(--color-background-alt); }

.btn-sm { font-size: 0.875rem; padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem; }

/* TEXTURE OVERLAY — z-index: -1 is critical */
.paper-texture { position: relative; }
.paper-texture::before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,..."); /* noise SVG */
  opacity: 0.03;
  pointer-events: none;
  z-index: -1; /* MUST be negative or it covers content */
}

Critical @theme Rules

NEVER use these variable names — they conflict with Tailwind utilities:

• --spacing-* (breaks max-w-md, max-w-xl, max-w-2xl, etc.)
• --container-*
• --text-sm, --text-lg, etc. (use --font-size-* instead)

SAFE prefixes: --color-*, --font-*, --font-size-*, --space-*

Decision Framework

When time is limited, invest in this order:

Implementation Checklist

Setup (Every Project)

• Context identified? (Marketing site vs Dashboard/App)
• Google Fonts loaded in index.html with preconnect?
• Tailwind v4 @theme uses safe variable names? (No –spacing-, no –container-)
• Button classes (.btn-primary, .btn-secondary) defined with !important colors?

Marketing Sites / Landing Pages

• Five Commitments documented? (Story, Tension, Signature, Material, Gesture)
• Only 2–3 colors?
• 60%+ viewport is empty space?
• No feature card grids? (Use numbered lists, editorial layouts)
• No gradients?
• No icons in circles?
• One signature visual/animation moment?
• Display typography for hero?

Dashboards / Admin Panels / Apps

• High information density? (30-40% whitespace, not 60%)
• NO hero sections? (Get straight to data)
• NO decorative backgrounds? (No particles, generative art — they distract)
• Card grids for stats/widgets? (Cards ARE appropriate here)
• Functional, readable typography? (Not dramatic display sizes)
• Minimal animation? (Only functional transitions)
• Data-first layout? (Charts, tables, forms prominent)

Both Contexts

• No banned fonts? (Inter, Roboto, Arial, Poppins, etc.)
• Body text 45–75 characters per line?
• All buttons use .btn-* classes?
• prefers-reduced-motion respected?

Remember: Safe is forgettable. The Designer creates interfaces that users remember.