Understand How Context Is Used in Type Inference

Overview

Separating a value from its context can cause type errors.

TypeScript infers types based on both the value AND where it’s used. When you extract a value to a variable, you lose context, which can cause surprising type errors.

When to Use This Skill

• Extracting a value to a constant causes type errors
• Callback parameters have wrong types
• Tuple types becoming array types
• String literals becoming general strings

The Iron Rule

When extraction breaks types, restore context with:
annotations, const assertions, or satisfies.

Remember:

• TypeScript uses context from function parameters
• Extracted values lose that context
• as const prevents widening
• satisfies preserves context with validation

Detection: Lost Context

type Language = 'JavaScript' | 'TypeScript' | 'Python';

function setLanguage(language: Language) { /* ... */ }

setLanguage('JavaScript');  // OK - context from parameter

let language = 'JavaScript';  // Inferred as string (widened)
setLanguage(language);
//          ~~~~~~~~
// Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to 'Language'

The value was widened to string when extracted.

Solution 1: Type Annotation

let language: Language = 'JavaScript';
setLanguage(language);  // OK

The annotation provides the context.

Solution 2: const Declaration

const language = 'JavaScript';
//    ^? const language: "JavaScript"
setLanguage(language);  // OK

const variables get narrower types (literal types).

Solution 3: const Assertion

let language = 'JavaScript' as const;
//  ^? let language: "JavaScript"
setLanguage(language);  // OK

as const prevents widening even with let.

Tuple Types: A Common Case

function panTo(where: [number, number]) { /* ... */ }

panTo([10, 20]);  // OK - inferred as tuple from context

const loc = [10, 20];
//    ^? const loc: number[]  (array, not tuple!)
panTo(loc);
//    ~~~
// Argument of type 'number[]' is not assignable to '[number, number]'

Fix with Annotation

const loc: [number, number] = [10, 20];
panTo(loc);  // OK

Fix with const Assertion

const loc = [10, 20] as const;
//    ^? const loc: readonly [10, 20]

Note: as const makes it readonly. If the function expects a mutable tuple, this won’t work:

panTo(loc);
//    ~~~
// 'readonly [10, 20]' is not assignable to '[number, number]'

The function should accept readonly [number, number] if it doesn’t mutate the input.

Object Properties

type Point = [number, number];

const capitals1 = { ny: [-73.7562, 42.6526], ca: [-121.4944, 38.5816] };
//    ^? { ny: number[]; ca: number[]; }  (arrays, not tuples)

const capitals2 = {
  ny: [-73.7562, 42.6526],
  ca: [-121.4944, 38.5816],
} satisfies Record<string, Point>;
//    ^? { ny: [number, number]; ca: [number, number]; }  (tuples!)

satisfies provides context while preserving precise types.

satisfies vs Annotation

const capitals3: Record<string, Point> = capitals2;
capitals3.pr;  // No error! Property 'pr' returns Point (but undefined at runtime)
//        ^? Point

capitals2.pr;
//        ~~
// Property 'pr' does not exist

satisfies keeps precise keys; annotation doesn’t.

Callback Context

TypeScript infers callback parameter types from context:

// Types inferred from app.get declaration
app.get('/health', (request, response) => {
  //                ^? Request<...>
  //                          ^? Response<...>
  response.send('OK');
});

// Don't add redundant annotations:
app.get('/health', (request: express.Request, response: express.Response) => {
  // Redundant and verbose
});

Extracted Callbacks

// Context lost when callback is extracted
const handler = (request, response) => {
  //             ^? any    ^? any
  response.send('OK');
};

// Fix: Add types
const handler: express.RequestHandler = (request, response) => {
  //                                      ^? Request  ^? Response
  response.send('OK');
};

Object Methods

const config = {
  language: 'JavaScript' as const,
  //        ^? "JavaScript" (not string)
};

setLanguage(config.language);  // OK

Without as const, config.language would be string.

Deep const Assertions

const obj = {
  settings: {
    language: 'JavaScript',
    version: 4,
  }
} as const;
// ^? { readonly settings: { readonly language: "JavaScript"; readonly version: 4; } }

as const is deep – everything becomes readonly with literal types.

Pressure Resistance Protocol

1. “Just Add a Type Assertion”

Pressure: “I’ll use as Language to fix it”

Response: Type assertions bypass safety. Use const or satisfies instead.

Action: Use as const for literal narrowing, not as Type.

2. “It Worked Inline”

Pressure: “Why doesn’t it work when I extract it?”

Response: Context was lost. Restore it explicitly.

Action: Add annotation, use const, or use satisfies.

Red Flags – STOP and Reconsider

• Type errors after extracting a value to a variable
• Callback parameters typed as any
• Tuples becoming arrays
• String literals becoming string

Common Rationalizations (All Invalid)

Quick Reference

type Lang = 'JS' | 'TS';
declare function setLang(l: Lang): void;

// DON'T: Lose context
let lang = 'JS';  // string
setLang(lang);    // Error

// DO: Annotation
let lang: Lang = 'JS';

// DO: const
const lang = 'JS';  // "JS"

// DO: const assertion
let lang = 'JS' as const;  // "JS"

// For objects: satisfies
const cfg = { lang: 'JS' } satisfies Record<string, Lang>;

The Bottom Line

Context matters for type inference.

When you extract a value, you may lose type context. Restore it with type annotations, const declarations, as const assertions, or satisfies. Understand which tool fits each situation.

Reference

Based on “Effective TypeScript” by Dan Vanderkam, Item 24: Understand How Context Is Used in Type Inference.