Comprehensive Authentication & Authorization

Enterprise-grade authentication system supporting multiple frameworks with intelligent pattern selection, advanced security hardening, and production-ready implementations across all authentication methods (JWT, sessions, cookies, hybrid approaches).

Quick Decision Tree

Choose authentication method based on requirements:

Need stateless, API-first, microservices?
├─ YES → JWT Tokens (access + refresh)
└─ NO → Continue

Need session-based, traditional web app?
├─ YES → Sessions (server-side)
└─ NO → Continue

Need browser cookies, XSS protection?
├─ YES → HTTP-Only Cookies
└─ NO → Continue

Need best of both worlds?
└─ Hybrid (JWT + Cookies)

Need enhanced security & ease?
└─ Better Auth / Auth Libraries

Core Authentication Patterns

Pattern 1: JWT (JSON Web Tokens) – Stateless

Best For: APIs, microservices, mobile apps, single-page applications

# Python/FastAPI
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from jose import JWTError, jwt
from passlib.context import CryptContext

class JWTManager:
    def __init__(self, secret_key: str, algorithm: str = "HS256"):
        self.secret_key = secret_key
        self.algorithm = algorithm
        self.pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")
    
    def hash_password(self, password: str) -> str:
        return self.pwd_context.hash(password)
    
    def verify_password(self, plain: str, hashed: str) -> bool:
        return self.pwd_context.verify(plain, hashed)
    
    def create_access_token(self, data: dict, expires_delta: timedelta = None) -> str:
        to_encode = data.copy()
        expire = datetime.utcnow() + (expires_delta or timedelta(minutes=15))
        to_encode.update({"exp": expire, "type": "access"})
        return jwt.encode(to_encode, self.secret_key, algorithm=self.algorithm)
    
    def create_refresh_token(self, user_id: int) -> str:
        payload = {
            "sub": str(user_id),
            "type": "refresh",
            "exp": datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=7)
        }
        return jwt.encode(payload, self.secret_key, algorithm=self.algorithm)
    
    def decode_token(self, token: str) -> dict:
        try:
            payload = jwt.decode(token, self.secret_key, algorithms=[self.algorithm])
            return payload
        except JWTError:
            return None

// JavaScript/Node.js/Express
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
const bcrypt = require('bcrypt');

class JWTManager {
    constructor(secretKey, algorithm = 'HS256') {
        this.secretKey = secretKey;
        this.algorithm = algorithm;
    }
    
    hashPassword(password) {
        return bcrypt.hashSync(password, 10);
    }
    
    verifyPassword(plain, hashed) {
        return bcrypt.compareSync(plain, hashed);
    }
    
    createAccessToken(data, expiresIn = '15m') {
        return jwt.sign(
            { ...data, type: 'access' },
            this.secretKey,
            { algorithm: this.algorithm, expiresIn }
        );
    }
    
    createRefreshToken(userId) {
        return jwt.sign(
            { sub: userId, type: 'refresh' },
            this.secretKey,
            { expiresIn: '7d' }
        );
    }
    
    decodeToken(token) {
        try {
            return jwt.verify(token, this.secretKey);
        } catch (error) {
            return null;
        }
    }
}

module.exports = JWTManager;

// TypeScript/Next.js
import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';
import bcrypt from 'bcrypt';

interface TokenPayload {
    sub: string;
    type: 'access' | 'refresh';
    iat: number;
    exp: number;
}

class JWTManager {
    private secretKey: string;
    private algorithm: string = 'HS256';
    
    constructor(secretKey: string) {
        this.secretKey = secretKey;
    }
    
    hashPassword(password: string): string {
        return bcrypt.hashSync(password, 10);
    }
    
    verifyPassword(plain: string, hashed: string): boolean {
        return bcrypt.compareSync(plain, hashed);
    }
    
    createAccessToken(data: any, expiresIn: string = '15m'): string {
        return jwt.sign(
            { ...data, type: 'access' },
            this.secretKey,
            { algorithm: this.algorithm, expiresIn }
        );
    }
    
    createRefreshToken(userId: number): string {
        return jwt.sign(
            { sub: userId, type: 'refresh' },
            this.secretKey,
            { expiresIn: '7d' }
        );
    }
    
    decodeToken(token: string): TokenPayload | null {
        try {
            return jwt.verify(token, this.secretKey) as TokenPayload;
        } catch (error) {
            return null;
        }
    }
}

export default JWTManager;

Pattern 2: Session-Based Authentication

Best For: Traditional web apps, server-rendered applications, CSRF protection needed

# Python/Flask or FastAPI with sessions
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import secrets

class SessionManager:
    def __init__(self, db: Session, session_timeout_minutes: int = 30):
        self.db = db
        self.timeout = timedelta(minutes=session_timeout_minutes)
    
    def create_session(self, user_id: int) -> str:
        """Create new session and return session ID"""
        session_token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
        
        session_record = {
            'user_id': user_id,
            'token': session_token,
            'created_at': datetime.utcnow(),
            'expires_at': datetime.utcnow() + self.timeout,
            'last_activity': datetime.utcnow()
        }
        
        # Save to database
        self.db.create(UserSession, session_record)
        self.db.commit()
        
        return session_token
    
    def get_session(self, token: str) -> dict | None:
        """Retrieve and validate session"""
        session = self.db.query(UserSession).filter(
            UserSession.token == token,
            UserSession.expires_at > datetime.utcnow()
        ).first()
        
        if session:
            # Update last activity
            session.last_activity = datetime.utcnow()
            self.db.commit()
            return {'user_id': session.user_id}
        
        return None
    
    def invalidate_session(self, token: str) -> bool:
        """Logout - invalidate session"""
        session = self.db.query(UserSession).filter(
            UserSession.token == token
        ).first()
        
        if session:
            self.db.delete(session)
            self.db.commit()
            return True
        return False

// JavaScript/Express with express-session
const session = require('express-session');
const RedisStore = require('connect-redis').default;
const { createClient } = require('redis');

const redisClient = createClient();
redisClient.connect();

const sessionMiddleware = session({
    store: new RedisStore({ client: redisClient }),
    secret: process.env.SESSION_SECRET,
    resave: false,
    saveUninitialized: false,
    cookie: {
        secure: true,  // HTTPS only
        httpOnly: true, // No JS access
        sameSite: 'strict',
        maxAge: 30 * 60 * 1000 // 30 minutes
    }
});

app.use(sessionMiddleware);

app.post('/login', (req, res) => {
    if (authenticateUser(req.body)) {
        req.session.userId = user.id;
        req.session.role = user.role;
        res.json({ message: 'Logged in' });
    }
});

app.post('/logout', (req, res) => {
    req.session.destroy((err) => {
        if (err) return res.status(500).json({ error: 'Logout failed' });
        res.json({ message: 'Logged out' });
    });
});

Pattern 3: HTTP-Only Cookies (Browser Security)

Best For: Web applications, maximum XSS protection

// Express/Node.js - Setting HTTP-Only Cookies
app.post('/login', async (req, res) => {
    const user = await authenticateUser(req.body.email, req.body.password);
    
    if (!user) {
        return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials' });
    }
    
    const accessToken = jwt.sign(
        { userId: user.id, role: user.role },
        process.env.JWT_SECRET,
        { expiresIn: '15m' }
    );
    
    const refreshToken = jwt.sign(
        { userId: user.id },
        process.env.REFRESH_SECRET,
        { expiresIn: '7d' }
    );
    
    // Set HTTP-Only cookie - cannot be accessed by JavaScript
    res.cookie('accessToken', accessToken, {
        httpOnly: true,      // No JS access (prevents XSS)
        secure: true,        // HTTPS only
        sameSite: 'strict',  // CSRF protection
        maxAge: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
        path: '/',
        domain: process.env.COOKIE_DOMAIN
    });
    
    res.cookie('refreshToken', refreshToken, {
        httpOnly: true,
        secure: true,
        sameSite: 'strict',
        maxAge: 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000, // 7 days
        path: '/api/auth/refresh'
    });
    
    res.json({ message: 'Login successful' });
});

// Middleware to extract token from cookies
function authenticateRequest(req, res, next) {
    const token = req.cookies.accessToken;
    
    if (!token) {
        return res.status(401).json({ error: 'No token' });
    }
    
    try {
        const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET);
        req.userId = decoded.userId;
        req.role = decoded.role;
        next();
    } catch (error) {
        return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' });
    }
}

app.get('/api/protected', authenticateRequest, (req, res) => {
    res.json({ data: 'Protected content', userId: req.userId });
});

// Next.js - Handling cookies securely
import { cookies } from 'next/headers';
import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';

export async function login(email: string, password: string) {
    const user = await authenticateUser(email, password);
    if (!user) throw new Error('Invalid credentials');
    
    const accessToken = jwt.sign(
        { userId: user.id, role: user.role },
        process.env.JWT_SECRET,
        { expiresIn: '15m' }
    );
    
    const refreshToken = jwt.sign(
        { userId: user.id },
        process.env.REFRESH_SECRET,
        { expiresIn: '7d' }
    );
    
    const cookieStore = await cookies();
    
    // Set HTTP-Only cookie
    cookieStore.set('accessToken', accessToken, {
        httpOnly: true,
        secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',
        sameSite: 'strict',
        maxAge: 15 * 60, // seconds
        path: '/'
    });
    
    cookieStore.set('refreshToken', refreshToken, {
        httpOnly: true,
        secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',
        sameSite: 'strict',
        maxAge: 7 * 24 * 60 * 60,
        path: '/api/auth/refresh'
    });
}

export async function getUser() {
    const cookieStore = await cookies();
    const token = cookieStore.get('accessToken')?.value;
    
    if (!token) return null;
    
    try {
        const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET);
        return decoded;
    } catch {
        return null;
    }
}

Pattern 4: Hybrid Approach (JWT + Cookies)

Best For: Maximum security + flexibility, modern web apps

# FastAPI - Hybrid JWT + HTTP-Only Cookies
from fastapi import FastAPI, Cookie, Depends, HTTPException
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse

app = FastAPI()

@app.post("/login")
async def login(email: str, password: str):
    user = authenticate_user(email, password)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid credentials")
    
    # Create tokens
    access_token = create_access_token({"sub": str(user.id)})
    refresh_token = create_refresh_token(user.id)
    
    # Store refresh token in database for revocation
    store_refresh_token(user.id, refresh_token)
    
    response = JSONResponse(content={"access_token": access_token})
    
    # Set refresh token in HTTP-Only cookie
    response.set_cookie(
        key="refresh_token",
        value=refresh_token,
        httponly=True,
        secure=True,
        samesite="strict",
        max_age=7 * 24 * 60 * 60
    )
    
    return response

async def get_current_user(
    access_token: str = Cookie(None),
    refresh_token: str = Cookie(None)
):
    """Validate access token, refresh if needed"""
    
    if access_token:
        try:
            payload = jwt.decode(access_token, SECRET_KEY)
            return payload["sub"]
        except JWTError:
            pass
    
    # Try refresh token
    if refresh_token:
        user_id = verify_refresh_token(refresh_token)
        if user_id:
            new_access = create_access_token({"sub": str(user_id)})
            # Return new access token
            return user_id
    
    raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Not authenticated")

@app.get("/protected")
async def protected_route(user_id: str = Depends(get_current_user)):
    return {"user_id": user_id}

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password)

# FastAPI with TOTP (Google Authenticator)
from pyotp import TOTP
from qrcode import QRCode

class MFAManager:
    @staticmethod
    def generate_secret() -> str:
        """Generate TOTP secret"""
        return TOTP.new().secret
    
    @staticmethod
    def get_provisioning_uri(secret: str, user_email: str, issuer: str) -> str:
        """Get QR code URI for authenticator app"""
        totp = TOTP(secret)
        return totp.provisioning_uri(name=user_email, issuer_name=issuer)
    
    @staticmethod
    def verify_token(secret: str, token: str) -> bool:
        """Verify TOTP token"""
        totp = TOTP(secret)
        return totp.verify(token)

@app.post("/auth/mfa/setup")
async def setup_mfa(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    """Generate MFA secret and QR code"""
    secret = MFAManager.generate_secret()
    uri = MFAManager.get_provisioning_uri(secret, current_user.email, "MyApp")
    
    # Return QR code and secret
    return {
        "secret": secret,
        "qr_code_uri": uri
    }

@app.post("/auth/mfa/enable")
async def enable_mfa(
    mfa_token: str,
    mfa_secret: str,
    current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)
):
    """Enable MFA after verification"""
    if not MFAManager.verify_token(mfa_secret, mfa_token):
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid MFA token")
    
    # Save secret to database
    update_user_mfa(current_user.id, mfa_secret)
    return {"message": "MFA enabled"}

@app.post("/auth/login-mfa")
async def login_with_mfa(email: str, password: str, mfa_token: str):
    """Login with MFA verification"""
    user = authenticate_user(email, password)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=401)
    
    if not MFAManager.verify_token(user.mfa_secret, mfa_token):
        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid MFA token")
    
    access_token = create_access_token({"sub": str(user.id)})
    return {"access_token": access_token}

Email Verification

# FastAPI with Email Verification
from sendgrid import SendGridAPIClient
from sendgrid.helpers.mail import Mail
import secrets

class EmailVerificationManager:
    @staticmethod
    def create_verification_token(user_id: int) -> str:
        token = secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
        store_verification_token(user_id, token)
        return token
    
    @staticmethod
    def send_verification_email(email: str, token: str):
        verification_link = f"https://yourapp.com/auth/verify?token={token}"
        
        message = Mail(
            from_email="noreply@yourapp.com",
            to_emails=email,
            subject="Verify your email",
            html_content=f'<a href="{verification_link}">Click to verify</a>'
        )
        
        sg = SendGridAPIClient(os.environ.get('SENDGRID_API_KEY'))
        sg.send(message)
    
    @staticmethod
    def verify_email(token: str) -> int | None:
        user_id = get_user_id_from_token(token)
        if user_id and is_token_valid(token):
            mark_email_verified(user_id)
            delete_verification_token(token)
            return user_id
        return None

@app.post("/auth/register")
async def register(email: str, password: str):
    user = create_user(email, hash_password(password))
    token = EmailVerificationManager.create_verification_token(user.id)
    EmailVerificationManager.send_verification_email(email, token)
    return {"message": "Verification email sent"}

@app.get("/auth/verify")
async def verify_email(token: str):
    user_id = EmailVerificationManager.verify_email(token)
    if user_id:
        return {"message": "Email verified"}
    raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid token")

OAuth2 & Social Login

Google OAuth2

# FastAPI with Google OAuth2
from google.auth.transport import requests
from google.oauth2 import id_token

class GoogleOAuth:
    GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID = os.getenv("GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID")
    
    @staticmethod
    def verify_token(token: str) -> dict | None:
        try:
            idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(
                token,
                requests.Request(),
                GoogleOAuth.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID
            )
            return idinfo
        except ValueError:
            return None

@app.post("/auth/google")
async def google_login(token: str):
    idinfo = GoogleOAuth.verify_token(token)
    if not idinfo:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid token")
    
    # Create or get user
    user = get_or_create_user(
        email=idinfo["email"],
        name=idinfo["name"],
        picture=idinfo["picture"]
    )
    
    access_token = create_access_token({"sub": str(user.id)})
    return {"access_token": access_token, "user": user}

// Next.js with Google OAuth2
import GoogleProvider from "next-auth/providers/google";
import { NextAuthOptions } from "next-auth";

export const authOptions: NextAuthOptions = {
    providers: [
        GoogleProvider({
            clientId: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID!,
            clientSecret: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET!
        })
    ],
    callbacks: {
        async jwt({ token, account }) {
            if (account) {
                token.accessToken = account.access_token;
            }
            return token;
        },
        async session({ session, token }) {
            session.user.id = token.sub;
            return session;
        }
    }
};

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

# FastAPI RBAC
from enum import Enum

class Role(str, Enum):
    ADMIN = "admin"
    MODERATOR = "moderator"
    USER = "user"

class Permission(str, Enum):
    READ = "read"
    WRITE = "write"
    DELETE = "delete"
    MANAGE_USERS = "manage_users"

ROLE_PERMISSIONS = {
    Role.ADMIN: [Permission.READ, Permission.WRITE, Permission.DELETE, Permission.MANAGE_USERS],
    Role.MODERATOR: [Permission.READ, Permission.WRITE, Permission.DELETE],
    Role.USER: [Permission.READ]
}

def has_permission(required_permission: Permission):
    async def permission_checker(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
        user_permissions = ROLE_PERMISSIONS.get(current_user.role, [])
        if required_permission not in user_permissions:
            raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Permission denied")
        return current_user
    return permission_checker

@app.delete("/users/{user_id}")
async def delete_user(
    user_id: int,
    current_user: User = Depends(has_permission(Permission.MANAGE_USERS))
):
    delete_user_from_db(user_id)
    return {"message": "User deleted"}

Password Hashing & Security

Bcrypt

# Python/FastAPI
from passlib.context import CryptContext

pwd_context = CryptContext(
    schemes=["bcrypt"],
    deprecated="auto",
    bcrypt__rounds=12  # Cost factor - higher = more secure but slower
)

def hash_password(password: str) -> str:
    # Ensure password is at least 8 chars, has uppercase, digit, special char
    if len(password) < 8:
        raise ValueError("Password must be at least 8 characters")
    if not any(c.isupper() for c in password):
        raise ValueError("Password must contain uppercase letter")
    if not any(c.isdigit() for c in password):
        raise ValueError("Password must contain digit")
    if not any(c in "!@#$%^&*.-_" for c in password):
        raise ValueError("Password must contain special character")
    
    return pwd_context.hash(password)

def verify_password(plain_password: str, hashed_password: str) -> bool:
    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)

// JavaScript/Node.js
const bcrypt = require('bcrypt');
const SALT_ROUNDS = 12;

async function hashPassword(password) {
    // Validate password strength
    const strongRegex = /^(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*\d)(?=.*[@$!%*?&])[A-Za-z\d@$!%*?&]{8,}$/;
    
    if (!strongRegex.test(password)) {
        throw new Error('Password must be 8+ chars with uppercase, digit, and special char');
    }
    
    return bcrypt.hash(password, SALT_ROUNDS);
}

async function verifyPassword(plainPassword, hashedPassword) {
    return bcrypt.compare(plainPassword, hashedPassword);
}

Better Auth Integration

Better Auth is a modern authentication library that simplifies many patterns:

// Next.js with Better Auth
import { betterAuth } from "better-auth";
import { nextCookies } from "better-auth/next-js";

export const auth = betterAuth({
    database: prisma,
    secret: process.env.BETTER_AUTH_SECRET,
    plugins: [
        nextCookies()
    ],
    user: {
        additionalFields: {
            role: {
                type: "string",
                required: false,
                defaultValue: "user"
            }
        }
    },
    emailVerification: {
        sendVerificationEmail: async ({ email, url }) => {
            await sendEmail({
                to: email,
                subject: "Verify your email",
                html: `<a href="${url}">Verify email</a>`
            });
        }
    },
    socialProviders: {
        google: {
            clientId: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID,
            clientSecret: process.env.GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET
        },
        github: {
            clientId: process.env.GITHUB_CLIENT_ID,
            clientSecret: process.env.GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET
        }
    }
});

// Usage in Next.js
export { auth as default } from '@/auth';

// Client-side
import { signIn, signOut, useSession } from "better-auth/client";

export function LoginButton() {
    return (
        <button onClick={() => signIn.social({ provider: "google" })}>
            Login with Google
        </button>
    );
}

Token Revocation & Logout

# FastAPI - Token Revocation (Blacklist)
from redis import Redis

redis_client = Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)

class TokenRevocationManager:
    @staticmethod
    def revoke_token(token: str, ttl_seconds: int):
        """Add token to blacklist"""
        redis_client.setex(f"revoked_token:{token}", ttl_seconds, "1")
    
    @staticmethod
    def is_revoked(token: str) -> bool:
        """Check if token is revoked"""
        return redis_client.exists(f"revoked_token:{token}") > 0

async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    if TokenRevocationManager.is_revoked(token):
        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Token revoked")
    
    payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY)
    return payload["sub"]

@app.post("/auth/logout")
async def logout(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user), token: str = Header()):
    # Revoke token
    payload = jwt.decode(token, SECRET_KEY)
    remaining_time = payload["exp"] - datetime.utcnow().timestamp()
    TokenRevocationManager.revoke_token(token, int(remaining_time))
    
    return {"message": "Logged out"}

Security Hardening Checklist

✅ Password Security

• Minimum 8 characters
• Uppercase + lowercase
• Numbers and special characters
• Bcrypt with cost factor 12+
• Rate limiting on login attempts

✅ Token Security

• Short expiration times (15-30 minutes)
• Refresh token rotation
• Token revocation support
• Secure storage (HTTP-Only cookies)

✅ Database Security

• Hash passwords (never plain text)
• Salt with bcrypt
• Parameterized queries
• Encrypted sensitive fields

✅ API Security

• HTTPS/TLS enforcement
• CORS properly configured
• Rate limiting
• Request size limits

✅ Frontend Security

• HTTP-Only cookies (no JS access)
• CSRF protection
• Secure headers (CSP, X-Frame-Options)
• Input validation

✅ Infrastructure

• Environment variables for secrets
• Secure key rotation
• Audit logging
• Monitoring and alerts

Resource Files Included

• FRAMEWORKS.md – Framework-specific implementations
• PATTERNS.md – All authentication patterns
• OAUTH.md – Social login & OAuth2
• MFA.md – Multi-factor authentication
• RBAC.md – Role & permission management
• SECURITY.md – Security best practices
• INTEGRATION.md – Database & email integration
• BETTER_AUTH.md – Better Auth guide

Scripts

• auth_generator.py – Generate auth boilerplate
• security_audit.py – Audit auth implementation