PostgreSQL Semantic Search

Quick Start

1. Setup

CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;

CREATE TABLE documents (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    content TEXT NOT NULL,
    embedding vector(1536)  -- text-embedding-3-small
    -- Or: embedding halfvec(3072)  -- text-embedding-3-large (50% memory)
);

2. Basic Semantic Search

SELECT id, content, 1 - (embedding <=> query_vec) AS similarity
FROM documents
ORDER BY embedding <=> query_vec
LIMIT 10;

3. Add Index (> 10k documents)

CREATE INDEX ON documents USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);

Docker Quick Start

# pgvector with PostgreSQL 17
docker run -d --name pgvector-db \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  pgvector/pgvector:pg17

# Or PostgreSQL 18 (latest)
docker run -d --name pgvector-db \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  pgvector/pgvector:pg18

# ParadeDB (includes pgvector + pg_search + BM25)
docker run -d --name paradedb \
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres \
  -p 5432:5432 \
  paradedb/paradedb:latest

Connect: psql postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/postgres

Cheat Sheet

Distance Operators

embedding <=> query  -- Cosine distance (1 - similarity)
embedding <-> query  -- L2/Euclidean distance
embedding <#> query  -- Negative inner product

Common Queries

-- Top 10 similar (cosine)
SELECT * FROM docs ORDER BY embedding <=> $1 LIMIT 10;

-- With similarity score
SELECT *, 1 - (embedding <=> $1) AS similarity FROM docs ORDER BY 2 DESC LIMIT 10;

-- With threshold
SELECT * FROM docs WHERE embedding <=> $1 < 0.3 ORDER BY 1 LIMIT 10;

-- Preload index (run on startup)
SELECT 1 FROM docs ORDER BY embedding <=> $1 LIMIT 1;

Index Quick Reference

-- HNSW (recommended)
CREATE INDEX ON docs USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops);

-- With tuning
CREATE INDEX ON docs USING hnsw (embedding vector_cosine_ops)
WITH (m = 24, ef_construction = 200);

-- Query-time recall
SET hnsw.ef_search = 100;

-- Iterative scan for filtered queries (pgvector 0.8+)
SET hnsw.iterative_scan = relaxed_order;
SET ivfflat.iterative_scan = on;

Decision Trees

Choose Search Method

Query type?
├─ Conceptual/meaning-based → Pure vector search
├─ Exact terms/names → Pure keyword search (FTS)
├─ Fuzzy/typo-tolerant → pg_trgm trigram similarity
├─ Autocomplete/prefix → pg_trgm + prefix index
├─ Substring (LIKE/ILIKE) → pg_trgm GIN index
└─ Mixed/unknown → Hybrid search
    ├─ Simple setup → FTS + RRF (no extra extensions)
    ├─ Better ranking → BM25 + RRF (pg_search extension)
    └─ Full-featured → ParadeDB (Elasticsearch alternative)

Choose Index Type

Document count?
├─ < 10,000 → No index needed
├─ 10k - 1M → HNSW (best recall)
└─ > 1M → IVFFlat (less memory) or HNSW

Choose Vector Type

Embedding model?
├─ text-embedding-3-small (1536) → vector(1536)
├─ text-embedding-3-large (3072) → halfvec(3072) (50% memory savings)
└─ Other models → vector(dimensions)

Operators

SQL Functions

Semantic Search

• match_documents(query_vec, threshold, limit) – Basic search
• match_documents_filtered(query_vec, metadata_filter, threshold, limit) – With JSONB filter
• match_chunks(query_vec, threshold, limit) – Search document chunks

Fuzzy Search (pg_trgm)

• fuzzy_search_trigram(query_text, threshold, limit) – Trigram similarity search
• autocomplete_search(prefix, limit) – Prefix + fuzzy autocomplete
• hybrid_search_fuzzy_semantic(query_text, query_vec, limit, rrf_k) – Fuzzy + vector RRF
• weighted_fts_search(query_text, language, limit) – FTS with title/content weighting

Hybrid Search (FTS)

• hybrid_search_fts(query_vec, query_text, limit, rrf_k, language) – FTS + RRF
• hybrid_search_weighted(query_vec, query_text, limit, sem_weight, kw_weight) – Linear combination
• hybrid_search_fallback(query_vec, query_text, limit) – Graceful degradation

Hybrid Search (BM25)

• hybrid_search_bm25(query_vec, query_text, limit, rrf_k) – BM25 + RRF
• hybrid_search_bm25_highlighted(...) – With snippet highlighting
• hybrid_search_chunks_bm25(...) – For RAG with chunks

Re-ranking (Optional)

Two-stage retrieval improves precision: fast recall → precise rerank.

When to Use

• Results need higher precision
• Using < 50 candidates after initial search
• Have budget for API calls (Cohere) or compute (local models)

Options

TypeScript Example (Cohere)

import { CohereClient } from 'cohere-ai';

const cohere = new CohereClient({ token: process.env.COHERE_API_KEY });

async function rerankResults(query: string, documents: string[]) {
  const response = await cohere.rerank({
    model: 'rerank-v4.0-fast',  // or 'rerank-v4.0-pro' for best quality
    query,
    documents,
    topN: 10,
  });
  return response.results;
}

• reranking.md – Detailed guide

References

• fuzzy-search.md – pg_trgm, fuzzy matching, LIKE/ILIKE, autocomplete, advanced FTS
• paradedb.md – ParadeDB full-text search (Elasticsearch alternative)
• vector-types.md – vector vs halfvec, dimensions, storage
• indexing.md – HNSW, IVFFlat, GIN parameters
• hybrid-search.md – FTS, BM25, RRF algorithms
• performance.md – Cold-start, memory, HNSW vs IVFFlat

Scripts

• setup.sql – Extension and table setup
• semantic_search.sql – Semantic search functions
• hybrid_search_fts.sql – FTS hybrid functions
• hybrid_search_bm25.sql – BM25 hybrid functions
• fuzzy_search.sql – pg_trgm fuzzy search, autocomplete, weighted FTS
• indexes.sql – Index creation scripts

Common Patterns

TypeScript Integration (Supabase)

// Semantic search
const { data } = await supabase.rpc('match_documents', {
  query_embedding: embedding,
  match_threshold: 0.7,
  match_count: 10
});

// Hybrid search
const { data } = await supabase.rpc('hybrid_search_fts', {
  query_embedding: embedding,
  query_text: userQuery,
  match_count: 10,
  rrf_k: 60,
  fts_language: 'simple'
});

Drizzle ORM

import { sql } from 'drizzle-orm';

const results = await db.execute(sql`
  SELECT * FROM match_documents(
    ${embedding}::vector(1536),
    0.7,
    10
  )
`);

Troubleshooting

Version Info (January 2026)

• PostgreSQL 18.1: Latest maintenance release with security fixes (Nov 2025)
• PostgreSQL 17.7: Stable LTS option
• pgvector 0.8.1: Iterative scans, PostgreSQL 18 support, halfvec up to 4000 dims
• pg_search 0.21.2: MVCC visibility, parallel aggregation, varchar[] indexing
• Cohere Rerank v4.0: 32K context, 100+ languages, self-learning (Dec 2025)

External Documentation

• pgvector GitHub – Official extension, latest features
• OpenAI Embeddings Guide – Embedding models and best practices
• Supabase Vector Guide – Supabase-specific integration
• ParadeDB pg_search – BM25 extension documentation
• PostgreSQL FTS – Built-in full-text search