Web Performance Best Practices

Core Web Vitals

• LCP (Largest Contentful Paint) < 2.5s
• FID (First Input Delay) < 100ms
• CLS (Cumulative Layout Shift) < 0.1
• Measure with Lighthouse/WebPageTest

Loading Performance

• Minimize bundle size
• Code split by route
• Lazy load images/components
• Use preload for critical resources
• Enable compression (gzip/brotli)

JavaScript

• Tree shake unused code
• Defer non-critical scripts
• Use Web Workers for heavy computation
• Debounce/throttle event handlers
• Avoid memory leaks

CSS

• Minimize CSS
• Use critical CSS inline
• Avoid layout thrashing
• Use CSS containment
• Prefer transform over position

Images

• Use modern formats (WebP, AVIF)
• Implement responsive images
• Lazy load below-fold images
• Use image CDN
• Compress appropriately

Caching

• Set proper cache headers
• Use service workers
• Cache API responses
• Use edge caching (CDN)
• Implement stale-while-revalidate

Network

• Use HTTP/2 or HTTP/3
• Reduce DNS lookups
• Use connection preload/preconnect
• Minimize redirects
• Enable HTTPS