Hydration Patterns

What is Hydration?

Hydration is the process of attaching JavaScript event handlers to server-rendered HTML, making static content interactive.

Server-Rendered HTML (static) → JavaScript Attaches → Interactive Application
        "Dry HTML"            →     Hydration      →    "Hydrated App"

The Hydration Process

Step by Step

1. Server renders HTML with content
2. Browser displays HTML immediately (fast FCP)
3. Browser downloads JavaScript bundle
4. JavaScript parses and executes
5. Framework "hydrates": 
   - Walks the DOM
   - Attaches event listeners
   - Initializes state
   - Makes components interactive
6. App is now fully interactive (TTI reached)

The Hydration Gap

The time between content visible (FCP) and interactive (TTI):

Timeline:
[------- Server Render -------][-- HTML Sent --][---- JS Download ----][-- Hydration --]
                                                 ↓                                      ↓
                                            Content Visible                      Interactive
                                                 [========= Hydration Gap =========]
                                                 (Page looks ready but isn't)

Hydration Challenges

1. Time to Interactive (TTI) Delay

Even though content is visible, buttons don’t work until hydration completes.

User sees "Buy Now" button → Clicks → Nothing happens → Frustrated
                             (hydration not complete)

2. Hydration Mismatch

If client render differs from server render:

// Server: <div>Today is Monday</div>
// Client (different timezone): <div>Today is Tuesday</div>
// Result: Error or UI flicker

3. Bundle Size

Full hydration requires downloading ALL component code:

Page uses: Header, Hero, ProductList, Footer, Cart, Reviews...
Bundle includes: ALL components (even if user never interacts)

4. CPU Cost

Hydration walks the entire DOM and attaches listeners:

Large page = More DOM nodes = Longer hydration = Worse TTI

Full Hydration

Traditional approach: hydrate the entire page.

// React example
import { hydrateRoot } from 'react-dom/client';
import App from './App';

// Hydrates entire app
hydrateRoot(document.getElementById('root'), <App />);

Pros and Cons

Progressive Hydration

Hydrate components in priority order, deferring non-critical parts.

Strategy

1. Hydrate above-the-fold content first
2. Hydrate below-the-fold on scroll or idle
3. Hydrate low-priority on user interaction

Implementation Pattern

// Conceptual - defer hydration until visible
function LazyHydrate({ children, whenVisible }) {
  const [hydrated, setHydrated] = useState(false);
  
  useEffect(() => {
    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(([entry]) => {
      if (entry.isIntersecting) {
        setHydrated(true);
      }
    });
    observer.observe(ref.current);
    return () => observer.disconnect();
  }, []);
  
  if (!hydrated) return <div ref={ref}>{/* static HTML */}</div>;
  return children;
}

Timeline

[Initial Hydration - Critical Components Only]
        ↓
[Scroll/Idle - Hydrate More Components]
        ↓
[Interaction - Hydrate On Demand]

Selective Hydration

Only hydrate components that need interactivity.

React 18+ with Suspense enables this:

<Suspense fallback={<Loading />}>
  <Comments /> {/* Hydrates independently when ready */}
</Suspense>

How It Works

Server streams: Header (hydrated) → Content (hydrated) → Comments (pending)
Comments data arrives → Comments hydrate independently
User clicks comment before hydration → React prioritizes that subtree

Partial Hydration

Ship zero JavaScript for static components.

The Insight

Most pages have static and interactive parts:

┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Header (static)                    │ ← No JS needed
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Hero Banner (static)               │ ← No JS needed
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Product List (static)              │ ← No JS needed
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Add to Cart Button ★               │ ← NEEDS JS
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Reviews (static)                   │ ← No JS needed
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Newsletter Signup ★                │ ← NEEDS JS
├─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Footer (static)                    │ ← No JS needed
└─────────────────────────────────────┘

With partial hydration: Only “Add to Cart” and “Newsletter” components ship JS.

Islands Architecture

Independent interactive components in a sea of static HTML.

Concept

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                                                 │
│   Static HTML (server-rendered, no JS)          │
│                                                 │
│   ┌─────────────┐          ┌─────────────┐      │
│   │   Island    │          │   Island    │      │
│   │  (Counter)  │          │  (Search)   │      │
│   │   [JS: 2KB] │          │   [JS: 5KB] │      │
│   └─────────────┘          └─────────────┘      │
│                                                 │
│   Static content continues...                   │
│                                                 │
│   ┌─────────────────────────────────────┐      │
│   │           Island (Comments)          │      │
│   │              [JS: 8KB]               │      │
│   └─────────────────────────────────────┘      │
│                                                 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Total JS: 15KB (vs potentially 200KB+ for full hydration)

Key Characteristics

Frameworks Using Islands

• Astro: First-class islands support
• Fresh (Deno): Islands by default
• Îles: Islands for Vite
• Qwik: Resumability (related concept)

Island Definition Example (Astro)

---
// Static by default
import Header from './Header.astro';
import Counter from './Counter.jsx';  // React component
---

<Header />  <!-- No JS shipped -->

<Counter client:load />  <!-- JS shipped, hydrates on load -->

<Counter client:visible />  <!-- JS shipped, hydrates when visible -->

<Counter client:idle />  <!-- JS shipped, hydrates on browser idle -->

Resumability (Qwik’s Approach)

Skip hydration entirely by serializing application state.

Traditional Hydration

Server renders → Client downloads JS → Re-executes to rebuild state → Attaches listeners

Resumability

Server renders + serializes state → Client downloads minimal JS → Resumes exactly where server left off

Key Difference

// Hydration: Re-run component code to figure out handlers
// Resumability: Handlers serialized in HTML, just attach them

// Qwik serializes even closures:
<button on:click="./chunk.js#handleClick[0]">Click me</button>

Choosing a Hydration Strategy

Hydration Anti-Patterns

1. Hydration Mismatch

// Bad: Different output on server vs client
function Greeting() {
  return <p>Hello at {new Date().toLocaleTimeString()}</p>;
}

// Good: Defer client-only values
function Greeting() {
  const [time, setTime] = useState(null);
  useEffect(() => setTime(new Date().toLocaleTimeString()), []);
  return <p>Hello{time && ` at ${time}`}</p>;
}

2. Blocking Hydration on Data

// Bad: Hydration waits for fetch
useEffect(() => {
  fetchData().then(setData);  // Delays hydration
}, []);

// Good: Use server-provided data or streaming

3. Huge Hydration Bundles

// Bad: Import everything at top level
import { FullCalendar } from 'massive-calendar-lib';

// Good: Dynamic import for heavy components
const Calendar = lazy(() => import('./Calendar'));

Deep Dive: Understanding Hydration From First Principles

Why Hydration Exists: The Core Problem

Hydration exists because of a fundamental mismatch between two goals:

GOAL 1: Fast First Paint (show content quickly)
        → Server rendering gives HTML immediately
        → Browser displays without JavaScript
        
GOAL 2: Rich Interactivity (React/Vue/Svelte apps)
        → Requires JavaScript
        → Event handlers, state, reactivity
        
THE CONFLICT:
        Server-rendered HTML is STATIC
        Your framework needs to MANAGE that HTML
        
THE SOLUTION:
        "Hydration" - attach framework to existing HTML

What Hydration Actually Does Internally

Let’s trace through React’s hydration process step by step:

// 1. Server rendered this HTML:
`<button id="counter">Count: 0</button>`

// 2. Client receives HTML and displays it (fast!)

// 3. JavaScript bundle loads and executes

// 4. React's hydrateRoot runs:
hydrateRoot(document.getElementById('root'), <App />);

// 5. React executes your component to get expected virtual DOM:
function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  return <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c + 1)}>Count: {count}</button>;
}

// Expected virtual DOM:
// { type: 'button', props: { onClick: fn }, children: ['Count: ', 0] }

// 6. React walks EXISTING DOM and COMPARES to virtual DOM:
const existingButton = document.querySelector('button');
// Does it match? Yes, same structure

// 7. React ATTACHES the onClick handler to existing button:
existingButton.addEventListener('click', () => setCount(c => c + 1));

// 8. React connects state management:
// - useState now tracks count
// - setCount will trigger re-renders
// - Component is now "live"

The key insight: Hydration doesn’t recreate the DOM. It walks the existing DOM and “wires up” the JavaScript.

The Hydration Mismatch Problem in Detail

When server HTML doesn’t match what client would render:

// Server renders at 11:59:59 PM December 31:
function NewYearCountdown() {
  const now = new Date();
  return <p>Current time: 11:59:59 PM</p>;
}

// Client hydrates at 12:00:01 AM January 1:
function NewYearCountdown() {
  const now = new Date();  // Different time!
  return <p>Current time: 12:00:01 AM</p>;
}

// React compares:
// Server HTML: "Current time: 11:59:59 PM"
// Client expected: "Current time: 12:00:01 AM"
// MISMATCH!

What happens on mismatch:

DEVELOPMENT MODE:
- Console warning: "Text content did not match"
- React shows the client version (visual jump)

PRODUCTION MODE:
- React silently patches to client version
- Can cause visual flicker
- SEO mismatch if crawled during gap

SEVERE MISMATCH:
- Different DOM structure, not just text
- React may throw errors
- App may break completely

The fix pattern:

function NewYearCountdown() {
  const [time, setTime] = useState(null);  // null on server
  
  useEffect(() => {
    // Only runs on client
    setTime(new Date().toLocaleTimeString());
    const interval = setInterval(() => {
      setTime(new Date().toLocaleTimeString());
    }, 1000);
    return () => clearInterval(interval);
  }, []);
  
  return <p>Current time: {time ?? 'Loading...'}</p>;
}

// Server renders: "Current time: Loading..."
// Client hydrates to same: "Current time: Loading..."
// useEffect updates to real time (no mismatch)

Understanding the Hydration Performance Cost

Hydration is expensive. Let’s understand why:

// For a page with 1000 DOM nodes:

HYDRATION WORK:
1. Download JS bundle (network time)
2. Parse JavaScript (CPU time)
3. Execute all component code (CPU time)
4. Build virtual DOM tree (memory + CPU)
5. Walk real DOM tree (CPU time)
6. Compare virtual vs real (CPU time)
7. Attach all event listeners (memory)
8. Initialize all state (memory)

// For 1000 nodes, this might take 200-500ms on mobile
// During this time, clicks don't work!

Measuring hydration cost:

// React 18 provides timing
const startMark = performance.now();
hydrateRoot(container, <App />);
const endMark = performance.now();
console.log(`Hydration took ${endMark - startMark}ms`);

// More detailed with React Profiler
<Profiler id="App" onRender={(id, phase, duration) => {
  if (phase === 'mount') {
    // This includes hydration time
    console.log(`${id} hydration: ${duration}ms`);
  }
}}>
  <App />
</Profiler>

Islands Architecture: The Mental Model

Traditional hydration thinks in pages. Islands thinks in components:

TRADITIONAL (Page-Level Hydration):
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │           Page Component             │    │
│  │  ┌──────┐ ┌──────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │    │
│  │  │Header│ │ Nav  │ │   Content    │ │    │
│  │  └──────┘ └──────┘ └──────────────┘ │    │
│  │  ┌──────┐ ┌──────────────────────┐  │    │
│  │  │Button│ │      Comments        │  │    │
│  │  └──────┘ └──────────────────────┘  │    │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────┘    │
│                                              │
│  ENTIRE TREE must be hydrated                │
│  One root, all components connected          │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘


ISLANDS (Component-Level Hydration):
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                                              │
│  Static HTML (no JS required)                │
│                                              │
│  ┌──────────────┐      ┌──────────────────┐ │
│  │ Island: Nav  │      │ Island: Search   │ │
│  │ (own JS, own │      │ (own JS, own     │ │
│  │  hydration)  │      │  hydration)      │ │
│  └──────────────┘      └──────────────────┘ │
│                                              │
│  More static HTML...                         │
│                                              │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │      Island: Comments Widget          │   │
│  │      (loads only when visible)        │   │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────┘   │
│                                              │
│  Each island is INDEPENDENT                  │
│  Hydrate separately, fail separately         │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Islands technical implementation:

<!-- Astro compiles to something like this -->
<html>
<body>
  <header>Static header content</header>
  
  <!-- Island marker -->
  <astro-island 
    component-url="/components/Counter.js"
    client="visible"
  >
    <button>Count: 0</button>
  </astro-island>
  
  <main>Static main content</main>
  
  <!-- Another island -->
  <astro-island
    component-url="/components/Comments.js" 
    client="idle"
    props='{"postId":123}'
  >
    <div>Loading comments...</div>
  </astro-island>
  
  <footer>Static footer</footer>
</body>
</html>

<!-- The astro-island web component handles loading and hydration -->

Resumability: How Qwik Eliminates Hydration

Qwik takes a radically different approach. Instead of re-running code to figure out what event handlers should do, it serializes everything:

// TRADITIONAL HYDRATION:
// Server runs component, produces HTML
// Client runs SAME component code again to attach handlers

// Server:
function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  const increment = () => setCount(c => c + 1);
  return <button onClick={increment}>Count: {count}</button>;
}
// Output: <button>Count: 0</button>
// Client must run Counter() to know what onClick does

// QWIK RESUMABILITY:
// Server runs component, serializes EVERYTHING including handlers

// Server:
function Counter() {
  const count = useSignal(0);
  return <button onClick$={() => count.value++}>Count: {count.value}</button>;
}

// Output:
<button 
  on:click="counter_onclick_abc123.js#s0" 
  q:obj="0"
>Count: 0</button>
<script type="qwik/json">{"signals":{"0":0}}</script>

// Client sees: "When clicked, load counter_onclick_abc123.js and run s0"
// No need to run Counter() at all!
// Handler code downloaded ONLY when button is clicked

Why this matters:

HYDRATION TIMELINE:
[Page Loads] → [Download ALL JS] → [Execute ALL code] → [Interactive]
               [====== Blocking, nothing works ======]

RESUMABILITY TIMELINE:
[Page Loads] → [Interactive immediately]
               [Download handler only on first interaction]
               
// 100KB app with hydration: 500ms until interactive
// 100KB app with resumability: 0ms until interactive (JS loads on demand)

Partial Hydration: The Compiler’s Role

Frameworks like Astro use compilers to determine what needs JavaScript:

// Source code
---
import Header from './Header.astro';  // Astro component (static)
import Counter from './Counter.jsx'; // React component (interactive)
---

<Header />
<Counter client:load />

// COMPILER ANALYSIS:
// Header.astro: 
//   - No useState, no useEffect, no event handlers
//   - Only template logic
//   - RESULT: Compile to pure HTML, ship NO JavaScript

// Counter.jsx:
//   - Has useState, has onClick
//   - Needs interactivity
//   - RESULT: Ship JavaScript, hydrate this component only

// BUILD OUTPUT:
// index.html: Full HTML with Header content + Counter placeholder
// counter.[hash].js: Only Counter component code (~2KB)
// NOT included: React runtime for static components

The Event Listener Memory Model

Understanding how event listeners work clarifies hydration cost:

// Without framework (vanilla JS):
button.addEventListener('click', () => console.log('clicked'));
// Browser stores: {element: button, event: 'click', handler: fn}
// Memory: ~100 bytes per listener

// With React (synthetic events):
<button onClick={() => console.log('clicked')}>
// React stores in its own system:
// - Element reference
// - Event type
// - Handler function
// - Handler closure scope (variables it captures)
// - Fiber node reference
// - Event priority
// Memory: ~500 bytes per listener + closure scope

// A page with 100 interactive elements:
// Vanilla: ~10KB in event system
// React: ~50KB+ in React's event system + component tree

This is why hydration is expensive – it’s rebuilding all these data structures.

Streaming Hydration: Out of Order

React 18’s streaming SSR allows components to hydrate out of order:

<Layout>
  <Header />  {/* Hydrates first */}
  
  <Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}>
    <SlowComments />  {/* Hydrates when ready, even if Footer is waiting */}
  </Suspense>
  
  <Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}>
    <SlowSidebar />  {/* Can hydrate before or after Comments */}
  </Suspense>
  
  <Footer />  {/* Hydrates independently */}
</Layout>

The streaming mechanism:

1. Server streams shell immediately:
   <html><body><div id="header">...</div><div id="comments">Loading...</div>

2. As data arrives, server streams script tags:
   <script>
     $RC('comments', '<div class="comments">Real comments...</div>');
   </script>
   
3. $RC (React's internal function) swaps content and triggers hydration
   for just that subtree

4. User can interact with Header while Comments still loading

Real-World Hydration Optimization Strategies

1. Code Splitting by Route:

// Don't bundle everything together
const Dashboard = lazy(() => import('./Dashboard'));
const Settings = lazy(() => import('./Settings'));

// Only Dashboard code loads on /dashboard
// Settings code only loads when navigating to /settings

2. Deferred Hydration:

// Hydrate critical UI first
import { startTransition } from 'react';

// Critical path - hydrate immediately
hydrateRoot(headerContainer, <Header />);

// Non-critical - defer
startTransition(() => {
  hydrateRoot(commentsContainer, <Comments />);
});

3. Intersection Observer Pattern:

// Only hydrate when scrolled into view
function useHydrateOnVisible(ref) {
  const [shouldHydrate, setShouldHydrate] = useState(false);
  
  useEffect(() => {
    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(
      ([entry]) => {
        if (entry.isIntersecting) {
          setShouldHydrate(true);
          observer.disconnect();
        }
      },
      { rootMargin: '200px' }  // Start 200px before visible
    );
    
    observer.observe(ref.current);
    return () => observer.disconnect();
  }, []);
  
  return shouldHydrate;
}

4. Static Extraction:

// Identify components that need no JS
function ProductDescription({ text }) {
  // No state, no effects, no handlers
  // This could be static HTML
  return <p className="description">{text}</p>;
}

// vs
function AddToCartButton({ productId }) {
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
  const handleClick = () => { /* ... */ };
  // This NEEDS hydration
  return <button onClick={handleClick}>Add to Cart</button>;
}

For Framework Authors: Building Hydration Systems

Implementation Note: The patterns and code examples below represent one proven approach to building hydration systems. Hydration is one of the most complex areas in framework development with many valid strategies—from React’s reconciliation-based approach to Qwik’s resumability to Astro’s islands. The direction shown here provides foundational concepts; adapt these patterns based on your framework’s rendering model, state management, and performance priorities.

Implementing Basic Hydration

// MINIMAL HYDRATION IMPLEMENTATION

function hydrateRoot(container, element) {
  // Get existing DOM nodes
  const existingNodes = Array.from(container.childNodes);
  
  // Walk virtual tree and existing DOM in parallel
  hydrateNode(element, existingNodes[0], container);
}

function hydrateNode(vnode, domNode, parent) {
  if (typeof vnode === 'string' || typeof vnode === 'number') {
    // Text node - validate match
    if (domNode?.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
      if (domNode.textContent !== String(vnode)) {
        console.warn('Hydration mismatch:', domNode.textContent, '!=', vnode);
        domNode.textContent = vnode;
      }
    }
    return domNode;
  }
  
  if (!vnode) return null;
  
  const { type, props } = vnode;
  
  // Function component - call and hydrate result
  if (typeof type === 'function') {
    const result = type(props);
    return hydrateNode(result, domNode, parent);
  }
  
  // Element node - validate and attach listeners
  if (domNode?.nodeName?.toLowerCase() !== type) {
    console.error('Hydration mismatch: expected', type, 'got', domNode?.nodeName);
    // Full re-render fallback
    const newNode = render(vnode);
    parent.replaceChild(newNode, domNode);
    return newNode;
  }
  
  // Attach event listeners (not present in SSR HTML)
  attachEventListeners(domNode, props);
  
  // Hydrate children
  const children = Array.isArray(props.children) 
    ? props.children 
    : props.children ? [props.children] : [];
  const domChildren = Array.from(domNode.childNodes);
  
  children.forEach((child, i) => {
    hydrateNode(child, domChildren[i], domNode);
  });
  
  return domNode;
}

function attachEventListeners(element, props) {
  Object.entries(props).forEach(([key, value]) => {
    if (key.startsWith('on') && typeof value === 'function') {
      const eventName = key.slice(2).toLowerCase();
      element.addEventListener(eventName, value);
    }
  });
}

Building a Hydration Scheduler

// PROGRESSIVE HYDRATION SCHEDULER

class HydrationScheduler {
  constructor() {
    this.queue = [];
    this.isHydrating = false;
    this.idleDeadline = 50; // ms per frame
  }
  
  // Add component to hydration queue
  schedule(component, priority = 'normal') {
    this.queue.push({ component, priority });
    this.sortQueue();
    this.processQueue();
  }
  
  sortQueue() {
    const priorityOrder = { critical: 0, high: 1, normal: 2, low: 3 };
    this.queue.sort((a, b) => 
      priorityOrder[a.priority] - priorityOrder[b.priority]
    );
  }
  
  processQueue() {
    if (this.isHydrating || this.queue.length === 0) return;
    
    this.isHydrating = true;
    
    requestIdleCallback((deadline) => {
      while (
        this.queue.length > 0 && 
        (deadline.timeRemaining() > 0 || deadline.didTimeout)
      ) {
        const { component } = this.queue.shift();
        this.hydrateComponent(component);
      }
      
      this.isHydrating = false;
      
      if (this.queue.length > 0) {
        this.processQueue();
      }
    }, { timeout: 1000 });
  }
  
  hydrateComponent(component) {
    const element = document.querySelector(
      `[data-hydrate="${component.id}"]`
    );
    if (element) {
      hydrateRoot(element, component.vnode);
    }
  }
}

// Visibility-based hydration trigger
class VisibilityHydration {
  constructor(scheduler) {
    this.scheduler = scheduler;
    this.observer = new IntersectionObserver(
      (entries) => this.onIntersect(entries),
      { rootMargin: '200px' }
    );
  }
  
  observe(element, component) {
    element.__component = component;
    this.observer.observe(element);
  }
  
  onIntersect(entries) {
    entries.forEach(entry => {
      if (entry.isIntersecting) {
        this.observer.unobserve(entry.target);
        this.scheduler.schedule(entry.target.__component, 'high');
      }
    });
  }
}

Implementing Resumability (Qwik-style)

// RESUMABILITY IMPLEMENTATION

// Server-side: Serialize component state and handlers
function serializeComponent(component, props) {
  const handlers = {};
  const state = {};
  
  // Extract and serialize event handlers
  Object.entries(props).forEach(([key, value]) => {
    if (key.startsWith('on') && typeof value === 'function') {
      // Serialize handler reference
      const handlerId = generateHandlerId(value);
      handlers[key] = handlerId;
      
      // Store handler code location for lazy loading
      registerHandler(handlerId, {
        module: component.__module,
        export: value.name,
      });
    } else {
      state[key] = value;
    }
  });
  
  return {
    html: renderToString(component, props),
    stateScript: `<script type="qwik/json">${JSON.stringify({
      state,
      handlers,
    })}</script>`,
  };
}

// Client-side: Resume without re-executing
function resume() {
  // Parse serialized state
  const stateScript = document.querySelector('script[type="qwik/json"]');
  const { state, handlers } = JSON.parse(stateScript.textContent);
  
  // Attach global event listener (event delegation)
  document.addEventListener('click', async (event) => {
    const target = event.target.closest('[on\\:click]');
    if (!target) return;
    
    const handlerId = target.getAttribute('on:click');
    const handlerInfo = getHandler(handlerId);
    
    // Lazy load handler module
    const module = await import(handlerInfo.module);
    const handler = module[handlerInfo.export];
    
    // Execute with serialized state
    handler(event, state);
  });
}

// Emit resumable HTML
function renderResumable(component, props) {
  const { html, stateScript } = serializeComponent(component, props);
  
  return `
    ${html}
    ${stateScript}
    <script src="/qwik-loader.js" async></script>
  `;
}

Building Islands Architecture

// ISLANDS ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION

// Build-time: Analyze component for interactivity
function analyzeComponent(component, ast) {
  return {
    hasState: astContains(ast, 'useState', 'useSignal', 'createSignal'),
    hasEffects: astContains(ast, 'useEffect', 'onMount'),
    hasHandlers: astContains(ast, /^on[A-Z]/),
    imports: extractImports(ast),
  };
}

// Build-time: Mark islands in HTML
function markIslands(html, components) {
  return html.replace(
    /<([A-Z]\w+)([^>]*)client:(\w+)([^>]*)>/g,
    (match, name, before, strategy, after) => {
      const component = components[name];
      const props = extractProps(before + after);
      
      return `<astro-island 
        component-url="${component.url}"
        component-export="${component.export}"
        renderer-url="${component.renderer}"
        props="${encodeProps(props)}"
        client="${strategy}"
        ${before}${after}>`;
    }
  );
}

// Client-side: Island loader
class AstroIsland extends HTMLElement {
  async connectedCallback() {
    const strategy = this.getAttribute('client');
    
    switch (strategy) {
      case 'load':
        await this.hydrate();
        break;
        
      case 'idle':
        if ('requestIdleCallback' in window) {
          requestIdleCallback(() => this.hydrate());
        } else {
          setTimeout(() => this.hydrate(), 200);
        }
        break;
        
      case 'visible':
        const observer = new IntersectionObserver(async ([entry]) => {
          if (entry.isIntersecting) {
            observer.disconnect();
            await this.hydrate();
          }
        });
        observer.observe(this);
        break;
        
      case 'media':
        const query = this.getAttribute('client-media');
        const mq = window.matchMedia(query);
        if (mq.matches) {
          await this.hydrate();
        } else {
          mq.addEventListener('change', () => this.hydrate(), { once: true });
        }
        break;
    }
  }
  
  async hydrate() {
    // Load component and renderer
    const [Component, { default: render }] = await Promise.all([
      import(this.getAttribute('component-url')),
      import(this.getAttribute('renderer-url')),
    ]);
    
    const props = JSON.parse(
      decodeURIComponent(this.getAttribute('props'))
    );
    const exportName = this.getAttribute('component-export');
    
    // Hydrate with framework-specific renderer
    await render(
      this,
      Component[exportName],
      props,
      this.innerHTML
    );
  }
}

customElements.define('astro-island', AstroIsland);

State Serialization for Hydration

// STATE SERIALIZATION SYSTEM

class StateSerializer {
  constructor() {
    this.stateMap = new Map();
    this.counter = 0;
  }
  
  // During SSR: capture state
  captureState(componentId, state) {
    this.stateMap.set(componentId, this.serialize(state));
  }
  
  serialize(value) {
    if (value === null || value === undefined) return value;
    if (typeof value === 'function') return undefined; // Can't serialize
    if (value instanceof Date) return { __type: 'Date', value: value.toISOString() };
    if (value instanceof Map) return { __type: 'Map', value: Array.from(value) };
    if (value instanceof Set) return { __type: 'Set', value: Array.from(value) };
    if (ArrayBuffer.isView(value)) {
      return { __type: 'TypedArray', ctor: value.constructor.name, value: Array.from(value) };
    }
    if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.map(v => this.serialize(v));
    if (typeof value === 'object') {
      const result = {};
      for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(value)) {
        result[k] = this.serialize(v);
      }
      return result;
    }
    return value;
  }
  
  // Emit script tag with serialized state
  emit() {
    const data = Object.fromEntries(this.stateMap);
    return `<script id="__HYDRATION_STATE__" type="application/json">${
      JSON.stringify(data).replace(/</g, '\\u003c')
    }</script>`;
  }
}

// Client-side: restore state
function restoreState() {
  const script = document.getElementById('__HYDRATION_STATE__');
  if (!script) return new Map();
  
  const data = JSON.parse(script.textContent);
  const stateMap = new Map();
  
  for (const [id, serialized] of Object.entries(data)) {
    stateMap.set(id, deserialize(serialized));
  }
  
  return stateMap;
}

function deserialize(value) {
  if (value === null || value === undefined) return value;
  if (value?.__type === 'Date') return new Date(value.value);
  if (value?.__type === 'Map') return new Map(value.value);
  if (value?.__type === 'Set') return new Set(value.value);
  if (value?.__type === 'TypedArray') {
    const Ctor = globalThis[value.ctor];
    return new Ctor(value.value);
  }
  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.map(deserialize);
  if (typeof value === 'object') {
    const result = {};
    for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(value)) {
      result[k] = deserialize(v);
    }
    return result;
  }
  return value;
}

Related Skills

• See rendering-patterns for SSR/SSG context
• See web-app-architectures for SPA vs MPA
• See meta-frameworks-overview for framework hydration strategies