Kubernetes CRD Design Review

Perform a deterministic design + contract review for Kubernetes CRDs (the generated CRD YAML is the compiled API contract).

Inputs

Accept at least one of:

• CRD YAML (full manifest) or a CRD diff
• A short description of intended API semantics and controller behavior

If key info is missing, ask for it before concluding compatibility/migration:

• Whether a controller exists, what it owns, and whether it writes status
• Whether this is a new API or a change to an existing API
• Served versions, storage version, and existing clients
• Whether objects already exist in clusters (migration needed?)
• Any GitOps/SSA constraints (patch strategy, desired stable identities)

Workflow (always follow this order)

1) Identify scope

• Identify group, kind(s), version(s), and whether this is new vs change.
• Identify controller existence and ownership boundaries.
• If reviewing Go types, confirm which generated CRD YAML(s) correspond to them.

2) Contract integrity checks (spec/status + controller operability)

• Spec vs status boundary
  • spec = user intent / desired state.
  • status = controller-observed state.
  • Flag lifecycle/state-machine fields in spec if the controller owns transitions.
• Require subresources.status when a controller exists and writes status
• Conditions + observedGeneration
  • Recommend status.conditions and status.observedGeneration (Kubernetes conventions; critical for tooling/GitOps correctness).
  • Model Conditions as a map keyed by type, not a chronological list: prefer schema markers (x-kubernetes-map-type: map with x-kubernetes-list-map-keys: [type]) for SSA/GitOps safety.
  • Use state-style Condition types (adjectives/past tense: Ready, Degraded, Succeeded; avoid transition names or phases for new APIs).
  • Include one high-signal summary condition (Ready for long-running; Succeeded for bounded execution).
  • Ensure each Condition has semantic True/False/Unknown values with consistent meaning.
  • Remember: status updates via /status subresource use separate RBAC.

See ./references/conditions-and-status.md for deeper semantics.

3) Schema correctness & validation (prevent invalid stored objects)

Use a 3-step validation hierarchy: always exhaust each level before moving to the next.

Step 1: Schema validation (required)

Review the OpenAPI v3 schema (prefer the generated CRD YAML/diff):

• Required fields for true invariants
• Enums for constrained strings
• Defaulting and nullable behavior
• Type constraints, patterns, min/max bounds
• Structural schema: ensure spec.preserveUnknownFields: false for strict validation and automatic version conversion
• Object references & relationships: When a field refers to another Kubernetes object, use structured references (fooRef / fooRefs) per conventions. Name-only references (fooName as string) acceptable only for existing APIs, not new ones. Watch for cross-namespace references (security boundaries) and spec/status leakage.
  • Use an object with group, kind, and name
    • add defaults and enum constraints for group and kind
    • require name: always
    • you MAY (very unlikely) add uid: UID is assigned by the API server and is not user-friendly or stable for config. It changes if the object is deleted/recreated, therefore you should not use them in spec, but only for reporting on the status field.

In Kubernetes APIs, users reference objects by name + namespace (or just name when same-namespace). The UID belongs in status/observed state, not desired state.Do only do this if you have a real requirement, name is the ‘normal’ way to reference a resource.

• Omit namespace unless you explicitly allow cross-namespace references.
• Avoid apiVersion in references.
• dependsOn is an advisable (community) deviation from the fooRefs advise. Use it when you explicitly model a dependency graph and your controller implements full DAG semantics (readiness definition, scope rules, cycle detection). See ./references/object-references.md.
• Use parentRef only for resources your operator directly manages; do not use it to model general relationships.
• See ./references/object-references.md for schema examples and deeper guidance.

Step 2: CEL validation (before webhooks)

When cross-field invariants or complex constraints cannot be expressed with basic OpenAPI rules, use CEL (x-kubernetes-validations):

• Cross-field invalid combinations (e.g., “field A only allowed if field B is set”)
• Exactly-one-of constraints
• Numeric range relationships between fields
• Enum dependencies

Best practice: Write minimal, targeted rules with clear error messages. CEL is stateless, auditable, and version-safe—always prefer it to webhooks. See ./references/validation-and-cel.md for examples.

Step 3: Webhooks (only if Steps 1–2 are insufficient)

Only recommend webhooks when schema and CEL cannot express the constraint. This is a significant operational decision. Always double-check first:

• Can this be expressed with required fields, enums, or patterns?
• Can this be expressed with CEL (stateless, auditable, version-safe)?
• Is the webhook truly necessary, or is the controller solving it better?
• Webhooks add latency, availability risk, and debugging complexity—operational costs often exceed benefits.

If a webhook is necessary:

• Conversion webhooks: Use only if structural schema conversion insufficient.
• Validation/mutation webhooks: Configure with explicit timeouts, failurePolicy, and namespaceSelectors.
• Validate webhook availability and latency in your rollout plan.

See ./references/versioning-and-migrations.md for conversion strategy and ./references/review-template.md for operational checklist.

4) GitOps/SSA ergonomics

Focus on patchability and stable diffs:

• List semantics for arrays of objects
  • If items have stable identity (e.g., name, id), prefer map-like lists (x-kubernetes-list-type: map with x-kubernetes-list-map-keys).
  • Identify ordering sensitivity and full-array replacement hazards.

See ./references/list-semantics-gitops-ssa.md.

5) Operator UX (kubectl)

Review/add additionalPrinterColumns for operator-facing UX:

• Ready / health signal
• Status message / reason
• Key spec fields
• Never duplicate AGE (already shown by kubectl).

See ./references/printer-columns.md.

6) Compatibility & migration impact (mandatory)

Always include an explicit compatibility assessment:

• Classify change as non-breaking vs potentially breaking.
• Look beyond removals: tightening validation, type changes, list semantic changes, defaulting changes, semantic behavior shifts.
• If version evolution is involved: plan served versions, conversion webhooks, storage migration, and deprecation playbook.

See ./references/versioning-and-migrations.md.

7) Synthesize output

Follow the output template structure below:

• Rank risks + explain impact.
• List actionable changes with snippets.
• Provide PR-sized improvement plan.
• Include the PR review template (use ./references/review-template.md as the canonical template).

Output format (always use this template)

What’s good

• …

Top risks (ranked)

1. … — why it matters: …
2. … — why it matters: …
3. … — why it matters: …

Recommended changes (actionable)

• Change: …
  • Why: …
  • Snippet:

    # ...
    

Compatibility & migration impact (mandatory)

• Breaking? Yes/No
• Why: …
• If breaking or risky:
  • Migration / deprecation steps:
    1. …
    2. …
  • Rollout plan checklist:
    • …
    • …
  • Versioning notes: served versions, storage version, conversion considerations

Minimal improvement plan (PR-sized)

1. …
2. …
3. …

Template reference: Use ./references/review-template.md as the canonical template. Adapt to context while preserving section headings.