.NET Concurrency: Choosing the Right Tool

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Deciding how to handle concurrent operations in .NET
• Evaluating whether to use async/await, Channels, Akka.NET, or other abstractions
• Tempted to use locks, semaphores, or other synchronization primitives
• Need to process streams of data with backpressure, batching, or debouncing
• Managing state across multiple concurrent entities

The Philosophy

Start simple, escalate only when needed.

Most concurrency problems can be solved with async/await. Only reach for more sophisticated tools when you have a specific need that async/await can’t address cleanly.

Try to avoid shared mutable state. The best way to handle concurrency is to design it away. Immutable data, message passing, and isolated state (like actors) eliminate entire categories of bugs.

Locks should be the exception, not the rule. When you can’t avoid shared mutable state, using a lock occasionally isn’t the end of the world. But if you find yourself reaching for lock, SemaphoreSlim, or other synchronization primitives regularly, step back and reconsider your design.

When you truly need shared mutable state:

1. First choice: Redesign to avoid it (immutability, message passing, actor isolation)
2. Second choice: Use System.Collections.Concurrent (ConcurrentDictionary, ConcurrentQueue, etc.)
3. Third choice: Use Channel<T> to serialize access through message passing
4. Last resort: Use lock for simple, short-lived critical sections

Locks are appropriate when building low-level infrastructure or concurrent data structures. But for business logic, there’s almost always a better abstraction.

Decision Tree

What are you trying to do?
│
├─► Wait for I/O (HTTP, database, file)?
│   └─► Use async/await
│
├─► Process a collection in parallel (CPU-bound)?
│   └─► Use Parallel.ForEachAsync
│
├─► Producer/consumer pattern (work queue)?
│   └─► Use System.Threading.Channels
│
├─► UI event handling (debounce, throttle, combine)?
│   └─► Use Reactive Extensions (Rx)
│
├─► Server-side stream processing (backpressure, batching)?
│   └─► Use Akka.NET Streams
│
├─► State machines with complex transitions?
│   └─► Use Akka.NET Actors (Become pattern)
│
├─► Manage state for many independent entities?
│   └─► Use Akka.NET Actors (entity-per-actor)
│
├─► Coordinate multiple async operations?
│   └─► Use Task.WhenAll / Task.WhenAny
│
└─► None of the above fits?
    └─► Ask yourself: "Do I really need shared mutable state?"
        ├─► Yes → Consider redesigning to avoid it
        └─► Truly unavoidable → Use Channels or Actors to serialize access

Level 1: async/await (Default Choice)

Use for: I/O-bound operations, non-blocking waits, most everyday concurrency.

// Simple async I/O
public async Task<Order> GetOrderAsync(string orderId, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var order = await _database.GetAsync(orderId, ct);
    var customer = await _customerService.GetAsync(order.CustomerId, ct);
    return order with { Customer = customer };
}

// Parallel async operations (when independent)
public async Task<Dashboard> LoadDashboardAsync(string userId, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var ordersTask = _orderService.GetRecentOrdersAsync(userId, ct);
    var notificationsTask = _notificationService.GetUnreadAsync(userId, ct);
    var statsTask = _statsService.GetUserStatsAsync(userId, ct);

    await Task.WhenAll(ordersTask, notificationsTask, statsTask);

    return new Dashboard(
        Orders: await ordersTask,
        Notifications: await notificationsTask,
        Stats: await statsTask);
}

Key principles:

• Always accept CancellationToken
• Use ConfigureAwait(false) in library code
• Don’t block on async code (no .Result or .Wait())

Level 2: Parallel.ForEachAsync (CPU-Bound Parallelism)

Use for: Processing collections in parallel when work is CPU-bound or you need controlled concurrency.

// Process items with controlled parallelism
public async Task ProcessOrdersAsync(
    IEnumerable<Order> orders,
    CancellationToken ct)
{
    await Parallel.ForEachAsync(
        orders,
        new ParallelOptions
        {
            MaxDegreeOfParallelism = Environment.ProcessorCount,
            CancellationToken = ct
        },
        async (order, token) =>
        {
            await ProcessOrderAsync(order, token);
        });
}

// CPU-bound work with I/O
public async Task<IReadOnlyList<ProcessedImage>> ProcessImagesAsync(
    IEnumerable<string> imagePaths,
    CancellationToken ct)
{
    var results = new ConcurrentBag<ProcessedImage>();

    await Parallel.ForEachAsync(
        imagePaths,
        new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 4, CancellationToken = ct },
        async (path, token) =>
        {
            var image = await File.ReadAllBytesAsync(path, token);
            var processed = ProcessImage(image); // CPU-bound
            results.Add(processed);
        });

    return results.ToList();
}

When NOT to use:

• Pure I/O operations (async/await is sufficient)
• When order matters (Parallel doesn’t preserve order)
• When you need backpressure or flow control

Level 3: System.Threading.Channels (Producer/Consumer)

Use for: Work queues, producer/consumer patterns, decoupling producers from consumers, simple stream-like processing.

// Basic producer/consumer
public class OrderProcessor
{
    private readonly Channel<Order> _channel;

    public OrderProcessor()
    {
        // Bounded channel provides backpressure
        _channel = Channel.CreateBounded<Order>(new BoundedChannelOptions(100)
        {
            FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.Wait
        });
    }

    // Producer
    public async Task EnqueueOrderAsync(Order order, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        await _channel.Writer.WriteAsync(order, ct);
    }

    // Consumer (run as background task)
    public async Task ProcessOrdersAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        await foreach (var order in _channel.Reader.ReadAllAsync(ct))
        {
            await ProcessOrderAsync(order, ct);
        }
    }

    // Signal no more items
    public void Complete() => _channel.Writer.Complete();
}

// Multiple consumers (work-stealing pattern)
public class WorkerPool
{
    private readonly Channel<WorkItem> _channel;
    private readonly List<Task> _workers = new();

    public WorkerPool(int workerCount)
    {
        _channel = Channel.CreateUnbounded<WorkItem>();

        // Start multiple consumers
        for (int i = 0; i < workerCount; i++)
        {
            _workers.Add(Task.Run(() => ConsumeAsync()));
        }
    }

    private async Task ConsumeAsync()
    {
        await foreach (var item in _channel.Reader.ReadAllAsync())
        {
            await ProcessAsync(item);
        }
    }

    public ValueTask EnqueueAsync(WorkItem item)
        => _channel.Writer.WriteAsync(item);
}

Channels are good for:

• Decoupling producer speed from consumer speed
• Buffering work with backpressure
• Simple fan-out to multiple workers
• Background processing queues

Channels are NOT good for:

• Complex stream operations (batching, windowing, merging)
• Stateful processing per entity
• When you need sophisticated error handling/supervision

Level 4: Akka.NET Streams (Complex Stream Processing)

Use for: Backpressure, batching, debouncing, throttling, merging streams, complex transformations.

using Akka.Streams;
using Akka.Streams.Dsl;

// Batching with timeout
public Source<IReadOnlyList<Event>, NotUsed> BatchEvents(
    Source<Event, NotUsed> events)
{
    return events
        .GroupedWithin(100, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)) // Batch up to 100 or 1 second
        .Select(batch => batch.ToList() as IReadOnlyList<Event>);
}

// Throttling
public Source<Request, NotUsed> ThrottleRequests(
    Source<Request, NotUsed> requests)
{
    return requests
        .Throttle(10, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), 5, ThrottleMode.Shaping);
}

// Parallel processing with ordered results
public Source<ProcessedItem, NotUsed> ProcessWithParallelism(
    Source<Item, NotUsed> items)
{
    return items
        .SelectAsync(4, async item => await ProcessAsync(item)); // 4 parallel
}

// Complex pipeline
public IRunnableGraph<Task<Done>> CreatePipeline(
    Source<RawEvent, NotUsed> events,
    Sink<ProcessedEvent, Task<Done>> sink)
{
    return events
        .Where(e => e.IsValid)
        .GroupedWithin(50, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500))
        .SelectAsync(4, batch => ProcessBatchAsync(batch))
        .SelectMany(results => results)
        .ToMaterialized(sink, Keep.Right);
}

Akka.NET Streams excel at:

• Batching with size AND time limits
• Throttling and rate limiting
• Backpressure that propagates through the entire pipeline
• Merging/splitting streams
• Parallel processing with ordering guarantees
• Error handling with supervision

Level 4b: Reactive Extensions (UI and Event Composition)

Use for: UI event handling, composing event streams, time-based operations in client applications.

Rx shines in UI scenarios where you need to react to user events with debouncing, throttling, or combining multiple event sources.

using System.Reactive.Linq;

// Search-as-you-type with debouncing
public class SearchViewModel
{
    public SearchViewModel(ISearchService searchService)
    {
        // React to text changes with debouncing
        SearchResults = SearchText
            .Throttle(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(300))  // Wait for typing to pause
            .DistinctUntilChanged()                     // Ignore if same text
            .Where(text => text.Length >= 3)           // Minimum length
            .SelectMany(text => searchService.SearchAsync(text).ToObservable())
            .ObserveOn(RxApp.MainThreadScheduler);     // Back to UI thread
    }

    public IObservable<string> SearchText { get; }
    public IObservable<IList<SearchResult>> SearchResults { get; }
}

// Combining multiple UI events
public IObservable<bool> CanSubmit =>
    Observable.CombineLatest(
        UsernameValid,
        PasswordValid,
        EmailValid,
        (user, pass, email) => user && pass && email);

// Double-click detection
public IObservable<Point> DoubleClicks =>
    MouseClicks
        .Buffer(TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(300))
        .Where(clicks => clicks.Count >= 2)
        .Select(clicks => clicks.Last());

// Auto-save with debouncing
public IDisposable AutoSave =>
    DocumentChanges
        .Throttle(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2))
        .Subscribe(async doc => await SaveAsync(doc));

Rx is ideal for:

• UI event composition (WPF, WinForms, MAUI, Blazor)
• Search-as-you-type with debouncing
• Combining multiple event sources
• Time-windowed operations in UI
• Drag-and-drop gesture detection
• Real-time data visualization

Rx vs Akka.NET Streams:

Rule of thumb: Rx for UI/client, Akka.NET Streams for server-side pipelines.

Level 5: Akka.NET Actors (Stateful Concurrency)

Use for: Managing state for multiple entities, state machines, push-based updates, complex coordination, supervision and fault tolerance.

Entity-Per-Actor Pattern

// Actor per entity - each order has isolated state
public class OrderActor : ReceiveActor
{
    private OrderState _state;

    public OrderActor(string orderId)
    {
        _state = new OrderState(orderId);

        Receive<AddItem>(msg =>
        {
            _state = _state.AddItem(msg.Item);
            Sender.Tell(new ItemAdded(msg.Item));
        });

        Receive<Checkout>(msg =>
        {
            if (_state.CanCheckout)
            {
                _state = _state.Checkout();
                Sender.Tell(new CheckoutSucceeded(_state.Total));
            }
            else
            {
                Sender.Tell(new CheckoutFailed("Cart is empty"));
            }
        });

        Receive<GetState>(_ => Sender.Tell(_state));
    }
}

State Machines with Become

Actors excel at implementing state machines using Become() to switch message handlers:

public class PaymentActor : ReceiveActor
{
    private PaymentData _payment;

    public PaymentActor(string paymentId)
    {
        _payment = new PaymentData(paymentId);

        // Start in Pending state
        Pending();
    }

    private void Pending()
    {
        Receive<AuthorizePayment>(msg =>
        {
            _payment = _payment with { Amount = msg.Amount };
            // Transition to Authorizing state
            Become(Authorizing);
            Self.Tell(new ProcessAuthorization());
        });

        Receive<CancelPayment>(_ =>
        {
            Become(Cancelled);
            Sender.Tell(new PaymentCancelled(_payment.Id));
        });
    }

    private void Authorizing()
    {
        Receive<ProcessAuthorization>(async _ =>
        {
            var result = await _gateway.AuthorizeAsync(_payment);
            if (result.Success)
            {
                _payment = _payment with { AuthCode = result.AuthCode };
                Become(Authorized);
            }
            else
            {
                Become(Failed);
            }
        });

        // Can't cancel while authorizing - stash for later or reject
        Receive<CancelPayment>(_ =>
        {
            Sender.Tell(new PaymentError("Cannot cancel during authorization"));
        });
    }

    private void Authorized()
    {
        Receive<CapturePayment>(_ =>
        {
            Become(Capturing);
            Self.Tell(new ProcessCapture());
        });

        Receive<VoidPayment>(_ =>
        {
            Become(Voiding);
            Self.Tell(new ProcessVoid());
        });
    }

    private void Capturing() { /* ... */ }
    private void Voiding() { /* ... */ }
    private void Cancelled() { /* Only responds to GetState */ }
    private void Failed() { /* Only responds to GetState, Retry */ }
}

Distributed Entities with Cluster Sharding

// Using Cluster Sharding for distributed entities
builder.WithShardRegion<OrderActor>(
    typeName: "orders",
    entityPropsFactory: (_, _, resolver) =>
        orderId => Props.Create(() => new OrderActor(orderId)),
    messageExtractor: new OrderMessageExtractor(),
    shardOptions: new ShardOptions());

// Send message to any order - sharding routes to correct node
var orderRegion = registry.Get<OrderActor>();
orderRegion.Tell(new ShardingEnvelope("order-123", new AddItem(item)));

When to Use Akka.NET

Use Akka.NET Actors when you have:

Don’t use Akka.NET when:

The Actor Mindset

Think of actors when your problem looks like:

• “I have thousands of [orders/users/devices/sessions] that need independent state”
• “Each [entity] goes through a lifecycle with different behaviors at each stage”
• “I need to push updates to interested parties when something changes”
• “If processing fails, I want to restart just that entity, not the whole system”
• “This needs to work across multiple servers“

If none of these apply, you probably don’t need actors.

Anti-Patterns: What to Avoid

❌ Locks for Business Logic

// BAD: Using locks to protect shared state
private readonly object _lock = new();
private Dictionary<string, Order> _orders = new();

public void UpdateOrder(string id, Action<Order> update)
{
    lock (_lock)
    {
        if (_orders.TryGetValue(id, out var order))
        {
            update(order);
        }
    }
}

// GOOD: Use an actor or Channel to serialize access
// Each order gets its own actor - no locks needed

❌ Manual Thread Management

// BAD: Creating threads manually
var thread = new Thread(() => ProcessOrders());
thread.Start();

// GOOD: Use Task.Run or better abstractions
_ = Task.Run(() => ProcessOrdersAsync(cancellationToken));

❌ Blocking in Async Code

// BAD: Blocking on async
var result = GetDataAsync().Result; // Deadlock risk!
GetDataAsync().Wait();              // Also bad

// GOOD: Async all the way
var result = await GetDataAsync();

❌ Shared Mutable State Without Protection

// BAD: Multiple tasks mutating shared state
var results = new List<Result>();
await Parallel.ForEachAsync(items, async (item, ct) =>
{
    var result = await ProcessAsync(item, ct);
    results.Add(result); // Race condition!
});

// GOOD: Use ConcurrentBag or collect results differently
var results = new ConcurrentBag<Result>();
// Or better: return from the lambda and collect

Prefer Async Local Functions

Use async local functions instead of Task.Run(async () => ...) or ContinueWith():

Don’t: Anonymous Async Lambda

private void HandleCommand(MyCommand cmd)
{
    var self = Self;

    _ = Task.Run(async () =>
    {
        // Lots of async work here...
        var result = await DoWorkAsync();
        return new WorkCompleted(result);
    }).PipeTo(self);
}

Do: Async Local Function

private void HandleCommand(MyCommand cmd)
{
    async Task<WorkCompleted> ExecuteAsync()
    {
        // Lots of async work here...
        var result = await DoWorkAsync();
        return new WorkCompleted(result);
    }

    ExecuteAsync().PipeTo(Self);
}

Avoid ContinueWith for Sequencing

Don’t:

someTask
    .ContinueWith(t => ProcessResult(t.Result))
    .ContinueWith(t => SendNotification(t.Result));

Do:

async Task ProcessAndNotifyAsync()
{
    var result = await someTask;
    var processed = await ProcessResult(result);
    await SendNotification(processed);
}

ProcessAndNotifyAsync();

Why This Matters

Akka.NET Example

When using PipeTo in actors, async local functions keep the pattern clean:

private void HandleSync(StartSync cmd)
{
    async Task<SyncResult> PerformSyncAsync()
    {
        await using var scope = _scopeFactory.CreateAsyncScope();
        var service = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<ISyncService>();

        var count = await service.SyncAsync(cmd.EntityId);
        return new SyncResult(cmd.EntityId, count);
    }

    PerformSyncAsync().PipeTo(Self);
}

This is cleaner than wrapping everything in Task.Run(async () => ...).

Quick Reference: Which Tool When?

The Escalation Path

async/await (start here)
    │
    ├─► Need parallelism? → Parallel.ForEachAsync
    │
    ├─► Need producer/consumer? → Channel<T>
    │
    ├─► Need UI event composition? → Reactive Extensions
    │
    ├─► Need server-side stream processing? → Akka.NET Streams
    │
    └─► Need state machines or entity management? → Akka.NET Actors

Only escalate when you have a concrete need. Don’t reach for actors or streams “just in case” – start with async/await and move up only when the simpler approach doesn’t fit.